 |
 Previous Article | Next Article 
Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 9, 2285-2296, Copyright © 1989 by Society for Neuroscience
Spinal cord segments containing key elements of the central pattern generators for three forms of scratch reflex in the turtle
LI Mortin and PS Stein
Biology Department, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130.
The immobilized, low-spinal turtle produces 3 forms of the fictive scratch
reflex in response to tactile stimulation of specific sites on its body
surface (Robertson et al., 1985). We used complete transections of the
spinal cord at different rostrocaudal levels to reveal the minimum length
of spinal cord sufficient to produce each scratch form. Additional
transections revealed the progressive loss of elements of the motor pattern
and the eventual loss of rhythmogenesis. We have identified, therefore,
spinal cord segments containing key elements of each scratch form's central
pattern generator (CPG). The turtle spinal cord consists of 8 cervical
segments (C1-C8), 10 dorsal segments (D1-D10), 2 sacral segments (S1, S2)
and about 16 caudal segments (Ca1-Ca16; Kusuma et al., 1979). The cell
bodies of motor neurons innervating the hindlimb muscles are located in the
hindlimb enlargement, segments D8-S2 (Ruigrok and Crowe, 1984). The
receptive field for the rostral scratch is innervated by segments D3-D6;
the pocket scratch receptive field is innervated by segments D6-D8; the
caudal scratch receptive field is innervated by segments S2, Ca1, and more
caudal segments (Mortin and Stein, 1985). A rostral scratch motor pattern
could be produced with as few as 5 or 6 segments, i.e., segments D5-D9 or
D3-D8. The anterior 3 segments of the hindlimb enlargement, D8-D10, could
produce a pocket scratch motor pattern. A single segment, either D7 or D8,
is capable of rhythmogenesis in response to stimulation of sites in its
part of the pocket receptive field. A caudal scratch motor pattern could be
produced by D8-End (the hindlimb enlargement and more caudal segments). The
posterior 40-80% of the hindlimb enlargement is not necessary for the
production of a rostral or pocket motor pattern. The anterior segment of
the enlargement is necessary for the production of a normal caudal scratch
motor pattern. Key elements of the CPG for each of the 3 scratch forms
reside in segments D7-D10. The pattern-generating capacity of the anterior
half of the hindlimb enlargement is greater than the posterior half; such
an asymmetric distribution of pattern-generating elements in the
enlargement of the spinal cord has been described for cat scratching
(Deliagina et al., 1983). These results are consistent with the hypothesis
that the CPGs producing different motor patterns for the hindlimb share
neuronal elements (Grillner, 1981; Robertson et al., 1985; Currie and
Stein, 1988, 1989).
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
I. T. Gordon, M. J. Dunbar, K. J. Vanneste, and P. J. Whelan
Interaction Between Developing Spinal Locomotor Networks in the Neonatal Mouse
J Neurophysiol,
July 1, 2008;
100(1):
117 - 128.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Berkowitz
Physiology and Morphology of Shared and Specialized Spinal Interneurons for Locomotion and Scratching
J Neurophysiol,
June 1, 2008;
99(6):
2887 - 2901.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. Samara and S. N. Currie
Location of Spinal Cord Pathways That Control Hindlimb Movement Amplitude and Interlimb Coordination During Voluntary Swimming in Turtles
J Neurophysiol,
April 1, 2008;
99(4):
1953 - 1968.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-C. Li, B. Sautois, A. Roberts, and S. R. Soffe
Reconfiguration of a Vertebrate Motor Network: Specific Neuron Recruitment and Context-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity
J. Neurosci.,
November 7, 2007;
27(45):
12267 - 12276.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. Samara and S. N. Currie
Crossed Commissural Pathways in the Spinal Hindlimb Enlargement Are Not Necessary for Right Left Hindlimb Alternation During Turtle Swimming
J Neurophysiol,
October 1, 2007;
98(4):
2223 - 2231.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Barthelemy, H. Leblond, and S. Rossignol
Characteristics and Mechanisms of Locomotion Induced by Intraspinal Microstimulation and Dorsal Root Stimulation in Spinal Cats
J Neurophysiol,
March 1, 2007;
97(3):
1986 - 2000.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Zaporozhets, K. C. Cowley, and B. J. Schmidt
Propriospinal neurons contribute to bulbospinal transmission of the locomotor command signal in the neonatal rat spinal cord
J. Physiol.,
April 15, 2006;
572(2):
443 - 458.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Berkowitz
Physiology and Morphology Indicate That Individual Spinal Interneurons Contribute to Diverse Limb Movements
J Neurophysiol,
December 1, 2005;
94(6):
4455 - 4470.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Alaburda, R. Russo, N. MacAulay, and J. Hounsgaard
Periodic High-Conductance States in Spinal Neurons during Scratch-Like Network Activity in Adult Turtles
J. Neurosci.,
July 6, 2005;
25(27):
6316 - 6321.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Dai, B. R. Noga, J. R. Douglas, and L. M. Jordan
Localization of Spinal Neurons Activated During Locomotion Using the c-fos Immunohistochemical Method
J Neurophysiol,
June 1, 2005;
93(6):
3442 - 3452.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. S. G. Stein and S. Daniels-McQueen
Modular Organization of Turtle Spinal Interneurons during Normal and Deletion Fictive Rostral Scratching
J. Neurosci.,
August 1, 2002;
22(15):
6800 - 6809.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Berkowitz
Rhythmicity of Spinal Neurons Activated During Each Form of Fictive Scratching in Spinal Turtles
J Neurophysiol,
August 1, 2001;
86(2):
1026 - 1036.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Whelan, A. Bonnot, and M. J. O'Donovan
Properties of Rhythmic Activity Generated by the Isolated Spinal Cord of the Neonatal Mouse
J Neurophysiol,
December 1, 2000;
84(6):
2821 - 2833.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Marcoux and S. Rossignol
Initiating or Blocking Locomotion in Spinal Cats by Applying Noradrenergic Drugs to Restricted Lumbar Spinal Segments
J. Neurosci.,
November 15, 2000;
20(22):
8577 - 8585.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Lamb and J. F. Yang
Could Different Directions of Infant Stepping Be Controlled by the Same Locomotor Central Pattern Generator?
J Neurophysiol,
May 1, 2000;
83(5):
2814 - 2824.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. J. Kargo and S. F. Giszter
Rapid Correction of Aimed Movements by Summation of Force-Field Primitives
J. Neurosci.,
January 1, 2000;
20(1):
409 - 426.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Tresch and O. Kiehn
Coding of Locomotor Phase in Populations of Neurons in Rostral and Caudal Segments of the Neonatal Rat Lumbar Spinal Cord
J Neurophysiol,
December 1, 1999;
82(6):
3563 - 3574.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Beato and A. Nistri
Interaction Between Disinhibited Bursting and Fictive Locomotor Patterns in the Rat Isolated Spinal Cord
J Neurophysiol,
November 1, 1999;
82(5):
2029 - 2038.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. N. Currie and G. G. Gonsalves
Reciprocal Interactions in the Turtle Hindlimb Enlargement Contribute to Scratch Rhythmogenesis
J Neurophysiol,
June 1, 1999;
81(6):
2977 - 2987.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Saltiel, M. C. Tresch, and E. Bizzi
Spinal Cord Modular Organization and Rhythm Generation: An NMDA Iontophoretic Study in the Frog
J Neurophysiol,
November 1, 1998;
80(5):
2323 - 2339.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Cheng, R. B. Stein, K. Jovanovic, K. Yoshida, D. J. Bennett, and Y. Han
Identification, Localization, and Modulation of Neural Networks for Walking in the Mudpuppy (Necturus Maculatus) Spinal Cord
J. Neurosci.,
June 1, 1998;
18(11):
4295 - 4304.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S. Green and S. R. Soffe
Roles of Ascending Inhibition During Two Rhythmic Motor Patterns in Xenopus Tadpoles
J Neurophysiol,
May 1, 1998;
79(5):
2316 - 2328.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. S. G. Stein, M. L. McCullough, and S. N. Currie
Reconstruction of Flexor/Extensor Alternation during Fictive Rostral Scratching by Two-Site Stimulation in the Spinal Turtle with a Transverse Spinal Hemisection
J. Neurosci.,
January 1, 1998;
18(1):
467 - 479.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. N. Currie and G. G. Gonsalves
Right-Left Interactions Between Rostral Scratch Networks Generate Rhythmicity in the Preenlargement Spinal Cord of the Turtle
J Neurophysiol,
December 1, 1997;
78(6):
3479 - 3483.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Nargeot, D. A. Baxter, and J. H. Byrne
Contingent-Dependent Enhancement of Rhythmic Motor Patterns: An In Vitro Analog of Operant Conditioning
J. Neurosci.,
November 1, 1997;
17(21):
8093 - 8105.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. N. Currie and S. Lee
Glycinergic Inhibition Contributes to the Generation of Rostral Scratch Motor Patterns in the Turtle Spinal Cord
J. Neurosci.,
May 1, 1997;
17(9):
3322 - 3333.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Kremer and A. Lev-Tov
Localization of the Spinal Network Associated With Generation of Hindlimb Locomotion in the Neonatal Rat and Organization of Its Transverse Coupling System
J Neurophysiol,
March 1, 1997;
77(3):
1155 - 1170.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. C. Cowley and B. J. Schmidt
Regional Distribution of the Locomotor Pattern-Generating Network in the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord
J Neurophysiol,
January 1, 1997;
77(1):
247 - 259.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Berkowitz and G. Laurent
Central Generation of Grooming Motor Patterns and Interlimb Coordination in Locusts
J. Neurosci.,
December 15, 1996;
16(24):
8079 - 8091.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Kjaerulff and O. Kiehn
Distribution of Networks Generating and Coordinating Locomotor Activity in the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord In Vitro: A Lesion Study
J. Neurosci.,
September 15, 1996;
16(18):
5777 - 5794.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
