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Volume 17, Number 22, Issue of November 15, 1997

Preferential Termination of Corticorubral Axons on Spine-Like Dendritic Protrusions in Developing Cat

Yasuhiko Saito, Wen-Jie Song, and Fujio Murakami

Department of Biophysical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560, Japan

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
FOOTNOTES
REFERENCES

ABSTRACT

The formation of synaptic contacts is a crucial event during neural development and is thought to be achieved by complex interactions between incoming axons and the neurons in the target. We have focused on spine-like dendritic protrusions (SLDPs), which are transient pleomorphic protrusive structures seen in developing brains. Although the functional significance of SLDPs remains unknown, accumulating in vitro evidence suggests that the SLDP plays an important role in synaptogenetic interactions with axons. As a test of this idea, the present study was performed to examine whether the SLDPs are the preferential sites of synapse formation in vivo.

The ultrastructure of biocytin-labeled corticorubral (CR) terminals was examined in serial thin sections during the period of synaptogenesis in newborn cats. We found that a major proportion (86%) of the CR synapses was formed on SLDPs. The presynaptic terminals were often invaginated by fine processes extending from the tips of SLDPs. Synaptic structures presumably of cortical origin were also found on SLDPs of HRP-labeled rubrospinal cells, suggesting that SLDPs postsynaptic to labeled CR terminals originate at least in part from rubrospinal cells. Taken together, these results indicate that SLDPs may represent preferred sites of synapse formation and support the notion that SLDPs play a role in synaptogenic interactions during brain development.

Key words: cat; dendritic spine; dendritic filopodia; synaptogenesis; corticorubral; rubrospinal; electron microscopy; biocytin

INTRODUCTION

During brain development, growth cones navigate through a complex environment to reach their target. Recent studies have revealed various kinds of interactions during growth cone navigation (for review, see Dodd and Jessel, 1988; Goodman and Shatz, 1993; Goodman, 1996), but relatively little is known about what interactions occur within the final target. It is presumed that a cascade of complex events must take place at the target, because not only the presynaptic axons but also the postsynaptic cells must be continuously growing and remodeling (for review, see Jacobson, 1991). Among these events, one of the most important is the interaction associated with synaptogenesis. In this context, dendritic filopodium- or spine-like dendritic protrusions (SLDPs) as well as dendritic growth cones have attracted considerable attention. SLDPs emanate from the dendritic shaft and show pleomorphic morphological features, including filiform structures distinct from the dendritic spines in adults (e.g., Morest, 1969; Scheibel et al., 1973). They also transiently increase in number at an early stage of development (e.g., Morest, 1969; Scheibel et al., 1973; Lund et al., 1977; Boothe et al., 1979; Garey and Saini, 1981; Hammer et al., 1981; Phelps et al., 1983; Dvergsten et al., 1986; Ramoa et al., 1988). These in vivo findings suggest that SLDPs are continuously remodeled in development.

Time-lapse studies of developing hippocampal neurons in vitro have demonstrated that SLDPs are rapidly remodeled by protrusive activity (Dailey and Smith, 1996; Ziv and Smith, 1996). The in vitro observation that SLDPs initiated contacts with axons, leading to the formation of presynaptic bouton-like structures, raised the possibility that SLDPs actively initiate synaptogenetic contacts with axons (Dailey and Smith, 1996; Ziv and Smith, 1996). Consistent with this idea is the finding that synapses occur on filopodial dendritic protrusions in developing brains (Saito et al., 1992).

If the notion that SLDPs play a crucial role in the formation of synapses on the dendrite is correct, SLDPs should be sites of termination for incoming axons. In addition, a specialized synaptic morphology might occur between incoming axons and SLDPs. These notions can be tested in the most straightforward manner by quantitative electron microscopy of identified synaptic profiles.

The present study was performed to analyze quantitatively whether incoming axons form synaptic contacts on SLDPs in a specific manner. To achieve this aim, we examined biocytin-labeled corticorubral (CR) synapses of newborn cats in three-dimensional reconstructions of serial thin sections. We have chosen the CR system of the cat, because there are abundant data about the synaptic organization of the feline red nucleus (RN) (Tsukahara and Kosaka, 1968; Nakamura and Mizuno, 1971; Pizzini et al., 1975; Tsukahara et al., 1975; Nakamura et al., 1978; Murakami et al., 1982, 1983, 1986; Katsumaru et al., 1984) and the development of its afferents (Villablanca et al., 1982; Tsukahara et al., 1983; Kosar et al., 1985; Murakami and Higashi, 1988; Higashi et al., 1990; Murakami et al., 1991a,b, 1993; Song et al., 1995a); particularly, it is well established that CR fibers in the adult cat rubrospinal cells terminate on the dendritic membrane remote from the soma (Tsukahara and Kosaka, 1968; Tsukahara et al., 1975; Murakami et al., 1982).

In the present study, we show that a major proportion of the CR synapses in newborn cats is formed on SLDPs, presumably originating from rubrospinal cells. These results suggest that SLDPs of rubrospinal cells represent preferred sites of synapse formation for cortical inputs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Labeling of corticorubral fibers and rubrospinal cells. Seven kittens at 2-5 postnatal days were obtained from a breeding colony of Aburahi Labs (Shionogi and Co., Ltd., Shiga, Japan). Newborn kittens were used, because extensive synaptogenesis of the CR inputs appears to occur during the first postnatal month (Higashi et al., 1990; Song et al., 1995a). For injection of biocytin, a glass micropipette with a tip diameter of 40-50 µm was connected to a Hamilton syringe with a polyethylene tube. Biocytin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO; 5% in Tris buffer) was pressure-injected into the sensorimotor cortex under anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal; 20 mg/kg, i.p.). The unilateral injection totaling 0.5-1.5 µl in each animal was made at one to three loci of the pericruciate cortex; biocytin was injected at two depths (1.5 and 1.0 mm from the pial surface) per locus, 0.25 µl per depth.

The procedure for intracellular staining in newborn cats was detailed previously (Song et al., 1995b). HRP was intracellularly injected into physiologically identified rubrospinal cells by iontophoresis with a glass microelectrode filled with 5-8% HRP (grade II; Toyobo, Osaka, Japan). The injection was made by passing 550-800 msec positive current pulses of 2.0-5.0 nA followed by 40-60 msec negative pulses of 0.5-1.0 nA at 0.8-1.5 sec intervals for 10-45 min. One to three rubrospinal (RS) cells were injected in each of four animals that had also been injected with biocytin.

Histological procedures. Immediately after the HRP injection (or 3 d after the biocytin injection in animals that had not received an HRP injection), the kittens were transcardially perfused with a mixture of 1% paraformaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde followed by 6% glutaraldehyde under deep anesthesia with Nembutal (>35 mg/kg, i.p.). This was followed by a postwash with 50 mM PBS (pH 7.4) in the HRP-injected animals. The brain was then dissected and kept in 6% glutaraldehyde or PBS overnight. A brain block including the RN was trimmed and cut horizontally into sections with a Microslicer (Dosaka EM, Kyoto, Japan) at 50-80 µm.

Sections containing the RN were first incubated with 0.05% 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) for 30 min followed by reaction with a mixture of DAB and 0.015% H2O2 for 30 min at room temperature. Then the sections were processed according to the gold-substituted silver peroxidase intensification method (van den Pol and Gorse, 1986) with a slight modification. In brief, the sections were incubated in thioglycolic acid for 4 hr and then reacted for silver intensification for 8 min. This procedure produced fine granular reaction products, which permitted the discrimination of the HRP-injected cells from the biocytin-incorporated CR fibers, which had not undergone the intensification procedure.

To visualize the CR fibers, the sections were permeabilized with 0.05% Triton X-100 in 50 mM Tris-buffered saline (pH 7.6) and processed using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). The sections were post-fixed in 2% OsO4, stained en bloc with 1.5% uranyl acetate, dehydrated, infiltrated in propylene oxide, and then flat-embedded in Epon (TAAB, Berkshire, England).

Electron microscopy. Fibers were sampled from the magnocellular region of the RN (RMG), which was easily discerned by its darker appearance under the light microscope (Fig. 1B). Epon blocks (~500 × 500 µm) including biocytin-labeled fibers were trimmed out from the RMG ipsilateral to the injection site. One block near the center of the RMG or two blocks each from the medial and the lateral parts of the RMG were picked out from three to six sections. In total, four to six blocks were thus obtained from each animal. The block was attached to the top of a cylindrical Epon block and further cut into 5 µm sections. The 5 µm sections were coverslipped with Epon. After detailed light microscopic observations, sections containing labeled fibers with several axonal swellings were arbitrarily chosen and photographed. The 5-µm-thick sections were reattached to other cylindrical Epon blocks. Blocks were trimmed to center the CR fibers that had been chosen in the preceding light microscopic observation and then rephotographed for electron microscopic analysis. They were then cut into ultrathin sections with an ultramicrotome (Reichert-Jung Ultracut E), collected on Formvar-coated single-slot grids, and observed with an electron microscope (1200EX; Jeol, Tokyo, Japan). The light micrographs were referred to to find the corresponding profiles under the electron microscope. To examine whether the selection of axonal swellings described above caused a sampling bias, one 50-µm-thick Epon block containing biocytin-labeled fibers was directly cut into ultrathin sections and collected on single-slot grids for electron microscopy.

Fig. 1. Identification of corticorubral fibers. A, Injection site of biocytin. A sagittal section of the sensorimotor cortex is shown. The arrow indicates the cruciate sulcus. r, Rostral; d, dorsal. B, Low-magnification photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the RN. Asterisks indicate the oculomotor nerve. c, Caudal; l, lateral. C, High-magnification photomicrograph of the area of the RN outlined by the rectangle in B. Many biocytin-labeled fibers can be seen. D, E, Higher-magnification photomicrographs of biocytin-labeled fibers. Axonal swellings are seen along the fibers (arrowheads). Some of the axonal swellings were fenestrated, as shown in E. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B, 200 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 4 µm; E, 2 µm.
[View Larger Version of this Image (110K GIF file)]

HRP-labeled RS cells were drawn using a drawing tube attached to a light microscope (BH2; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) and reconstructed from 50- to 80-µm-thick serial sections. The sections were then cut into 5-8 µm sections and processed as described above.

Identification of synapses. Profiles with parallel membranes at putative presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals and dense material in the synaptic cleft were regarded as synapses if they further satisfied one or both of the following criteria (see Vaughn, 1989): (1) synaptic vesicles accumulating at the presynaptic membrane specialization, and (2) postsynaptic membrane specialization and thickening. The presence of synapses was confirmed by observing at least three consecutive sections.

Synapses on HRP-labeled dendrites were often obscured by dense DAB reaction product and, therefore, did not satisfy the latter criterion. However, parallel membranes between the presynaptic and postsynaptic plasma membranes with dense material in the cleft and an accumulation of synaptic vesicles toward the presynaptic membrane could be recognized. Approximately 10% of the CR synapses did not exhibit an obvious postsynaptic membrane specialization. It is likely that these represent primordial synapses (Hayes and Roberts, 1973; Hinds and Hinds, 1976; Juraska and Fifkova, 1979; Blue and Parnavelas, 1983; Kunkel et al., 1987; Vaughn, 1989). These synapses were, therefore, included in the analysis, although they did not satisfy the latter criterion.

Any postsynaptic profiles containing microtubules were regarded as dendritic shafts, and dendritic protrusions lacking microtubules and with cytoplasmic features described below (see Results) were regarded as SLDPs.

Three-dimensional reconstruction from serial sections. The outlines of the presynaptic and the postsynaptic profiles were traced on sheets of semitransparent paper overlaid on electron micrographs. The tracings were then captured through a video camera onto a hard disk using an image-processing device (Olympus TVIP-5100) and reconstructed and edited using a three-dimensional reconstruction program (TRI programs; Ratoc System, Tokyo, Japan).

Quantitative analysis. Three kittens injected with biocytin but not HRP were used for quantitative analysis of synaptic loci on the soma-dendritic membrane of RN cells. Biocytin-labeled fibers in 5-µm-thick Epon blocks were cut into serial thin sections. In total, 41 blocks were analyzed, and the total length of the axons analyzed was 4.8 mm. A single presynaptic bouton sometimes formed synapses with multiple postsynaptic profiles; in such cases, the number of synapses was counted as 1 irrespective of the number of active zones formed by the presynaptic bouton.

To estimate the length of SLDPs, their outlines were traced from electron micrographs of serial sections onto sheets of semitransparent paper, which were then superimposed to obtain a two-dimensional projection of the dendritic protrusions. The distance from the dendritic shaft to the ending of the protrusion was then measured to give its length. SLDPs on the HRP-labeled RS cells extending from dendrites <100 µm from the soma were chosen for analysis, because most CR synapses terminated on SLDPs in this region (see Fig. 8). The diameter of the parent dendritic shaft, D, was estimated from the equation, D = 2 radical (A/pi ), where A is the cross-sectional area of the dendritic shaft. When the dendrites were cut parallel to their longitudinal axis, the diameter was defined as the maximum length perpendicular to the axis.

Fig. 8. CR synaptic sites on the soma-dendritic membrane of RS cells. The graph to the left shows the diameter of HRP-labeled RS cell dendrites (n = 17) plotted against the distance from the soma. The histogram on the right shows the distribution of the diameter of the dendrites from which synapse-bearing SLDPs emanated (n = 41). Comparison of the two graphs demonstrates that most of the synapses were located on dendritic regions <100 µm away from the soma.
[View Larger Version of this Image (36K GIF file)]

Three HRP-labeled RS cells from three kittens were used to estimate the relation between the diameter of the dendritic shaft and the distance from the soma of HRP-labeled RS cells. Five to seven dendrites were selected arbitrarily from each cell and reconstructed with a 60× objective with the aid of a Neuron Tracing System (Eutectic Electronics, Inc., Raleigh, NC). The ratio of the dendritic surface area occupied by the SLDPs and the shafts was estimated from two dendritic fragments of HRP-labeled RS cell dendrites ~2 µm in diameter (see Fig. 8). From a series of electron micrographs taken from serial sections of the dendritic fragments, the circumferences of the SLDP cross-sections and of the dendritic shafts were measured. Then the ratios between the total lengths of the circumferences of the SLDP cross-sections and those of the dendritic shafts were calculated for each dendritic segment. These ratios should approximate the ratios of the surface area of the SLDP to that of dendritic shafts. The total length of the dendrites analyzed was 33 µm.

All surgery and procedures on animals followed the guidelines of animal experiments approved by the Committee of Osaka University on Animal Research.

RESULTS

Light microscopic appearance of CR fibers

Injection of biocytin was restricted to the sensorimotor cortex, as shown in Figure 1A. Labeled fibers coursed through the internal capsule and extended through the cerebral peduncle. In the RMG region, numerous labeled fibers were observed in contrast to surrounding regions (Fig. 1B,C). These fibers were generally thin (<0.1 µm) and infrequently bifurcated (Fig. 1C) and often ended in growth cones. Short side branches were occasionally seen (data not shown). Axonal swellings, 0.1-1 µm in diameter, were observed along the course of the fibers (Fig. 1D, arrowheads), occasionally exhibiting a lighter region in their centers (Fig. 1E).

Synaptic structure of CR axons

Electron microscopic observations of labeled fibers with various light microscopic morphological features revealed that synapses were mostly associated with axonal swellings. As shown in the electron micrographs of Figures 2 and 3, CR fibers often formed synapses on SLDPs extending from a dendritic shaft (Fig. 2). These SLDPs often protruded into the labeled axonal swellings and were sometimes encapsulated by the swellings (Fig. 3A-D); such invaginated structures were found to correspond to axonal swellings with a lighter central region under the light microscope (Fig. 1E). Three-dimensional reconstruction of CR synapses revealed that dendritic protrusions sometimes branched in a complicated manner (Fig. 3E). Unlabeled axon terminals were also found to be invaginated by dendritic protrusions (data not shown).
Fig. 2. Biocytin-labeled CR synapse on an SLDP. A, B, Electron micrographs from semiserial sections of a CR fiber. The CR fiber formed synapses (black arrow) on an SLDP emanating from a dendritic shaft (asterisk). SLDPs often contained vesicular structures (arrowheads) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (small arrows). C, Low-magnification photomicrograph showing a filiform process emerging from a dendritic shaft (asterisk). Scale bars: A, B, 0.5 µm; C, 1 µm.
[View Larger Version of this Image (84K GIF file)]

Fig. 3. Biocytin-labeled CR axon terminal invaginated by an SLDP. A-D, Selected serial electron micrographs of a CR fiber. A, Low-magnification electron micrograph of a synapse-bearing dendritic protrusion. B-D, High-magnification electron micrographs of serial sections showing an SLDP encapsulated by a CR synaptic ending. The asterisk shows the dendritic shaft. Arrows point to a synapse. Note that many vesicles can be seen within the SLDP (arrowheads). A single CR terminal rarely contacted both the SLDP and the dendrite. E, Three-dimensional reconstruction of CR axon terminal. Profiles shown in tan and green represent the dendrite and the axon terminal, respectively. Other protrusions except for the one shown here were omitted for clarity. The protrusion has multiple branches and invaginates into the synaptic terminal. The left and the center panels show the side view, and the right panel is the top view of the invaginated CR terminal. Scale bars: A, 1 µm; B-D, 0.5 µm.
[View Larger Version of this Image (136K GIF file)]

The cytoplasm of SLDPs usually contained vesicular structures (Figs. 2, 3, arrowheads). The SLDPs were frequently associated with smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Fig. 2A,B, small arrows), occasionally with multivesicular bodies, but the spine apparatus (Peters et al., 1991) was rarely observed. Mitochondria were occasionally found, most of them being restricted to the necks or proximal parts of the protrusions (Fig. 3). Polyribosome-like granules were also observed in the heads or tips of the protrusions (data not shown).

Localization of CR synapses

To examine the localization of CR synapses on the soma-dendritic membrane of RN cells, a quantitative analysis was performed. In total, 76 synapses were analyzed from sets of serial sections cut from 5-µm-thick sections in three kittens injected with biocytin but not HRP. In all of the three kittens, most of the synapses were found on SLDPs (Fig. 4A-C). Moreover, a similar result was obtained from a block that was directly cut into thin sections (Fig. 4D), suggesting that selection of axonal swelling-rich 5 µm sections (see Materials and Methods) did not affect the result. Eighty-six percent of the CR synapses analyzed in newborn kittens occurred on SLDPs. Of these CR synaptic endings on SLDPs, ~35% (36 of 103 synapses) were invaginated by SLDPs, forming complex synaptic structures. The length of SLDPs on which CR synapses were formed ranged from 0.28 to 3.87 µm, with a mean of 1.10 µm (n = 31). Together, these findings indicate that most CR fibers in newborn cats form synapses on SLDPs.
Fig. 4. Localization of CR synapses on SLDPs. White and shaded bars represent the number of synapses on SLDPs and dendritic shafts, respectively. A-C, Data from individual kittens. A 50-µm-thick Epon block was cut into 5-µm-thick sections, and the areas with abundant axonal swellings were selected for thin sectioning. The lengths of the CR fibers analyzed in A-C are 1.1, 1.4, and 2.3 mm, respectively. D, Graph from a 50-µm-thick block directly cut into serial thin sections. In each case most of the synapses are found on SLDPs.
[View Larger Version of this Image (21K GIF file)]

Dendritic protrusions on RS cells

Next we analyzed the morphology of RS cell dendrites and the synapses on these dendrites to determine whether SLDPs that bear CR synapses originate from RS cells. HRP-filled RS cells in newborn cats elongated dendrites, up to 500 µm in length, infrequently ending in growth cone-like bulbous endings (data not shown). As shown in Figure 5, numerous SLDPs, up to 2 µm in length, emanated from these dendritic shafts extending from RS cells. The protrusions were notable on proximal dendrites and those somewhat remote from the soma; they varied in both length and shape; some exhibited filiform shapes, whereas others had bulbous heads. Electron microscopic observation confirmed that synapses were formed on RS cell SLDPs (Fig. 6). As shown in the high-power electron micrographs of Figure 6, C and D, synapses often occurred on HRP-labeled SLDPs (Fig. 6C,D, arrows), which in some cases branched in a complicated manner. Synapses were also found on SLDPs extending into presynaptic axonal terminals (Fig. 7). The length of the SLDPs that received synaptic contacts ranged from 0.42 to 2.71 µm, with a mean of 1.09 µm (n = 24). These values are not statistically different from the length of the unlabeled SLDPs, which were postsynaptic to CR terminals (Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.1), suggesting that CR axons terminate on the SLDPs of RS cells.
Fig. 5. SLDPs emanating from a dendrite of an HRP-labeled RS cell. A, Drawing of an RS cell in a newborn kitten. The cell was reconstructed from 50-µm-thick horizontal sections. The arrow shows the axon. B, C, Photomicrographs of the dendritic areas indicated by the two squares and letters in A. The photomicrographs in B and C correspond to the areas outlined by b and c, respectively. Note that numerous protrusions extend from the dendritic shaft. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B, C, 5 µm.
[View Larger Version of this Image (46K GIF file)]

Fig. 6. Synapses on SLDPs extending from an HRP-labeled RS cell dendrite. A, Photomicrograph of an RS cell dendrite. B, Low-magnification electron micrograph of the dendrite shown in A. Arrowheads point to labeled SLDPs. C, D, SLDPs emanating from the dendritic shaft form synapses (arrows) with unidentified endings. High-magnification electron micrographs of selected serial sections from the two areas outlined by rectangles and letters in B. C and D correspond to the areas labeled by c and d in B, respectively. Granular profiles in HRP-stained dendrites are reaction products caused by the intensification procedure (see Materials and Methods). Scale bars: A, 5 µm; B, 2 µm; C, 0.5 µm; D, 0.25 µm.
[View Larger Version of this Image (152K GIF file)]

Fig. 7. SLDPs of an HRP-labeled RS cell invaginating into an axon terminal. Asterisks show the dendritic shaft from which SLDPs emanate. The black arrow shows the synaptic terminal. A-H, Electron micrographs of selected serial sections. I, Three-dimensional reconstruction of the presynaptic axon terminal and the SLDP. See legend of Figure 3 for detail. Scale bar, 0.25 µm.
[View Larger Version of this Image (144K GIF file)]

We then compared the surface areas of SLDPs and the dendritic shafts to assess the possible contribution of the surface area to the specific termination of synapses on SLDPs. From a series of electron micrographs taken from serial sections of the dendrites, the ratio of the dendritic surface area occupied by the SLDPs to that of the shafts was estimated. Two fragments of HRP-labeled RS cell dendrites with a diameter of ~2 µm were chosen for this analysis, because these corresponded to the diameters of dendrites on which most CR synapses were formed (Fig. 8). The ratios of the total length of the circumference of SLDPs to that of the shafts for the two dendrites analyzed were 1.69 and 2.16, which are far less than the ratio of synapses on SLDPs and dendritic shafts (86:14 approx  6.1).

Location of SLDPs on which CR synapses are formed

To assess how far the SLDPs are from the soma, the dendritic diameter of HRP-labeled cells was plotted against the distance from the soma. As shown in Figure 8, left panel, the diameter of dendrites decreases as the distance from the soma increases. In addition, by analyzing serial thin sections of CR fibers, we estimated the diameter of parent dendrites of SLDPs that received CR synapses. The diameter ranged from 0.50 to 5.73 µm, with a mean of 2.15 µm (n = 41) (histogram in Fig. 8). A comparison of the diameter of the dendrites from which SLDPs bearing CR synapses emanated (histogram in Fig. 8) with that of HRP-labeled cells indicated that CR fibers formed synapses on SLDPs originating from the proximal dendrites (<100 µm from the soma).

Synapses on somatic membrane

We also examined synapses on the somatic membrane of HRP-labeled RS cells to compare the synaptic organization (Fig. 9). As shown in Figure 9A, the perimeter of the soma was rugged in contour, and synaptic terminals often penetrated into or were engulfed by the soma (Fig. 9B,C). Although there appeared to be protrusive structures on the somatic membrane, most of them were not associated with synapses, implying that they resulted from synaptic bouton penetration into the somatic membrane. Taking into account of the present results that CR synapses were virtually absent on the somatic membrane, these results raise the possibility that SLDPs play a role in the specific termination of CR axons on the dendritic membrane.
Fig. 9. Synapses on the somatic membrane of RS cells. A, Electron micrograph of an HRP-filled RS cell. B, Higher magnification of the area outlined by the rectangle in A. Note the presence of inclusions of synaptic endings in the soma. C, Synapses formed by terminals included in the soma (arrows). Similar inclusions were observed in nonstained soma, indicating that these are not artifacts of the HRP injection (not shown). Scale bars: A, 5 µm; B, 1 µm; C, 0.5 µm.
[View Larger Version of this Image (97K GIF file)]

DISCUSSION

The present analysis of serially reconstructed CR synapses has revealed that CR synapses in neonatal cats are formed preferentially on SLDPs of the RN neurons. Such protrusions often invaginated into CR terminals, forming complex synaptic structures.

The origin of postsynaptic dendritic protrusions

Although CR fibers terminate on inhibitory interneurons (Katsumaru et al., 1984) in addition to RS cells in adult cats, it is highly likely that the SLDPs postsynaptic to CR fibers included RS cells. In fact, in two cases, we could follow the postsynaptic profiles in serial sections from the SLDPs back to the somata, the diameters of which were >20 µm. The fact that the diameter of interneurons is <20 µm even in the adult cat (Katsumaru et al., 1984) suggests that these postsynaptic profiles belong to RS cells. Furthermore, the finding that HRP-labeled RS cells had numerous SLDPs with comparable lengths (Figs. 5, 6) is consistent with the view that RS cells are the target of CR fibers. Moreover, our preliminary analysis of the relation of SLDP length with the difference between the length of SLDP head and that of the neck or the ratio between them indicated that there is no difference in morphology between SLDPs postsynaptic to labeled CR fibers and the SLDPs of labeled RS cells. Together, these findings indicate that SLDPs postsynaptic to labeled CR axons included those of RS cells.

Localization of CR synapses on dendritic protrusions

Serial reconstruction of synapses in the present study unequivocally demonstrated that most of the CR synapses were formed on SLDPs directly emanating from dendritic trunks. This is consistent with the light microscopic observation that dendrites ending in growth cones occurred only rarely. Together, these findings indicate the CR axons terminate on filopodial extensions protruding from the dendritic shaft.

The result that most CR synapses were formed on SLDPs (Fig. 4) indicates that SLDPs may represent the preferred synaptic sites for CR axons. The presence of numerous SLDPs on the dendritic surface (Figs. 5, 6), however, raises the possibility that the localization of CR synapses on SLDPs simply resulted from the larger surface area of the SLDPs compared with that of the dendritic shafts. The estimated ratio between the dendritic surface areas occupied by the SLDPs and the shafts (1.69 and 2.16), however, was much smaller than that of the number of CR synapses on the SLDPs compared with those on the shafts (6.1; Fig. 4). Thus, the preferential localization of CR synapses on SLDPs can only partially be explained by the larger surface area of the SLDP compared with the dendritic shaft and raises the possibility that there are some other mechanisms that promote the preferential termination of CR axons on the SLDPs.

Role of SLDPs in synaptogenesis

It is likely that the SLDP represents a dynamic feature of the dendrite, because (1) vesicular structures in SLDPs that were associated with smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Figs. 2, 3) were often observed in the growing tips of axons (Peters et al., 1991); (2) invaginated synapses were rarely observed in adult cat RN (Murakami et al., 1982); and (3) spine-like profiles on large-sized RN neurons appear to decrease in number during the first month of postnatal development (Sadun and Pappas, 1978). The idea that SLDPs dynamically change their structures gains further support from recent time-lapse studies of dissociated neurons and of slice preparations of the hippocampus, which demonstrated that SLDPs are indeed rapidly remodeled (Cooper and Smith, 1992; Dailey and Smith, 1996; Ziv and Smith, 1996).

These findings together with the preferential termination of CR synaptic endings on SLDPs raise the possibility that SLDPs play some role in ongoing synaptogenetic interactions between presynaptic and postsynaptic elements by dynamically changing their structures. Our previous finding that CR axons elaborate arbor during the first month of postnatal development (Higashi et al., 1990), whereas SLDPs decrease in number in the same period (Sadun and Papas, 1978), may be taken to indicate that SLDPs disappear after synaptogenic interactions with CR axons (see below). Moreover, the notion that SLDPs play a role in synaptogenetic interactions is consistent with observations of hippocampal neurons in dissociated culture, in which filopodial extension occurs from the dendritic membrane (Cooper and Smith, 1992; Ziv and Smith, 1996), and the dendritic filopodia seem to initiate physical contact with nearby axons (Cooper and Smith, 1992; Ziv and Smith, 1996). It was also shown that the presumed synaptic site, as indicated by a fluorescent dye that labels synaptic vesicles, occurred in association with dendritic filopodia (Ziv and Smith, 1996), which is consistent with the present results.

What could be the mechanism that allows CR axons to terminate preferentially on SLDPs? One possibility is that SLDPs attract incoming axons to form synapses (Wong et al., 1992; Papa et al., 1995). In fact, chemoattraction of axons has been shown to play an important role in the guidance of the commissural axons of the spinal cord (Tessier-Lavigne et al., 1988; Kennedy et al., 1994) and the hindbrain (Shirasaki et al., 1995; Tamada et al., 1995) during development. On the other hand, a number of studies have indicated that afferents regulate dendritic morphology (e.g., Rakic, 1975; Kimmel et al., 1977; Caceres and Steward, 1983; Baptista et al., 1994), leading to the hypothesis that incoming axons induce the growth of SLDPs from dendrites (see Vaughn, 1989). Another possibility is that SLDPs dynamically change their structure (see below), thereby increasing the chance of the incoming CR fibers encountering SLDPs. Elucidation of the role of SLDPs, however, awaits further studies.

The present findings raise another intriguing possibility that SLDPs contribute to the establishment of synaptic site specificity. Rubrospinal neurons also receive inputs from the interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum (Toyama et al., 1970; Tsukahara et al., 1975), and, in the adult cat, the cerebellar inputs impinge on the somatic membrane of RN cells. These inputs arrive in the RN before embryonic day 35 (Song et al., 1995a), far earlier than the entry of cortical inputs, and it is likely that the dendrites of RN cells are only poorly developed at this stage of development. Subsequently, the dendrites may elongate, and SLDPs may develop. The presence of numerous SLDPs at the developmental stage when CR axons arrive at the RN could facilitate the dendritic termination of CR axons, whereas the virtual absence of filopodial extensions, associated with synapses, on the somatic membrane might provide little chance for somatic termination (but see Povlischock, 1974).

The fate of synapses on SLDPs

In hippocampal preparations of developing neurons of the rat, motile filopodia decreased in number over extended culture periods, whereas dendritic spines concomitantly increased in number, leading to speculation that dendritic filopodia may be withdrawn into the dendritic shaft or may evolve into spines after synapse formation (Dailey and Smith, 1996; Ziv and Smith, 1996) (also see Hammer et al., 1981; Saito et al., 1992). RS cells in adult cats have spines on their dendrites at distances in excess of 300 µm from the soma (Wilson et al., 1987), and our preliminary electron microscopic study of the adult cat revealed the presence of CR synapses on dendritic spines (Y. Saito and F. Murakami, unpublished observations). These findings suggest that at least a certain proportion of SLDPs transforms into mature spines. However, SLDPs on RN cells decreases in number with maturity of the dendrite (Sadun and Papas, 1978) (C. J. Wilson, F. Murakami, and Y. Saito, unpublished observation), indicating that retraction of SLDPs on RS cells would also occur. The presence of SLDPs without synapses (data not shown) (also see Papa et al., 1995) implies that those that failed to make synapses eventually retract.

In conclusion, in the present in vivo study, we demonstrated what cannot be shown with in vitro techniques: preferential termination of synapses on spine-like dendritic protrusions. Taken together with previous in vitro studies that demonstrated dynamical features of SLDPs, our results suggest that SLDPs may commonly play an active role in synaptogenic interactions.

FOOTNOTES

Received June 16, 1997; revised Aug. 25, 1997; accepted Aug. 28, 1997.

  

This work was supported by Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan Grant-in-Aid 07279101. We thank Hironobu Katsumaru, Yoichi Oda, Edward Ruthazar, Ryuichi Shirasaki, and Michael Spooner for critically reading this manuscript, Hironobu Katsumaru, Tong-Hang Go, and Kouichi Hashimoto for partial participation in the experiment, Tadashi Isa for continuous encouragement, Masanori Kanda for supplying the experimental animals, Hiroshi Maebashi for assistance in image analysis, and Kyoko Katayama for secretarial assistance.

Correspondence should be addressed to Fujio Murakami, Department of Biophysical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Machikaneyama 1-3, Osaka 560, Japan.

Dr. Saito's present address: National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji-chou, Nishigou-naka, Okazaki 444, Japan.


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