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The Journal of Neuroscience, September 15, 2001, 21(18):7247-7260
The Nigrostriatal Pathway in the Rat: A Single-Axon Study of the Relationship between Dorsal and Ventral Tier Nigral Neurons and the Striosome/Matrix Striatal Compartments
Lucía Prensa and André Parent Centre de Recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Local F-6500, Beauport, Québec, Canada, G1J 2G3
ABSTRACT
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
Axons from dorsal/ventral tiers of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and retrorubral field (RRF) were traced after injecting their cell body with biotinylated dextran amine. Fifty-three single axons were reconstructed from serial sagittal sections with a camera lucida, and µ-opiate receptor immunostaining served to differentiate the striosome/matrix striatal compartments. Most dorsal tier SNc axons terminate within the matrix of the dorsal striatum, but their patterns of arborization vary markedly; some axons innervate one specific matriceal area, whereas others arborize in multiple discontinuous loci. Some dorsal tier SNc axons also project to both striosomes and matrix. Other dorsal tier SNc axons, as well as VTA axons, innervate the ventral striatum and send collaterals to striosomes lying ventrally in the dorsal striatum or to the ventral sector of the subcallosal streak (SS). Ventral tier SNc axons arborize principally in striosomes, but some ramify in both compartments or in striosomes and the SS. Ventral tier neurons that form deep clusters in substantia nigra pars reticulata innervate principally the matrix and the SS. The amygdala and ventral pallidum receive secondary collaterals from striatal axons of dorsal/ventral tier neurons or RRF neurons. The subthalamic nucleus receives collaterals from striatal axons of SNc clustered neurons, whereas the globus pallidus gets collaterals from striatal axons of dorsal/ventral tier SNc neurons. These findings reveal that the nigrostriatal pathway is composed of several neuronal subsystems, each endowed with a widely distributed axonal arborization that allows them to exert a multifaceted influence on striatal and/or extrastriatal structures.
Key words: basal ganglia; substantia nigra; ventral tegmental area; retrorubral field; striatal compartments; nigrostriatal projection; single-cell labeling
INTRODUCTION
The nigrostriatal projection system exerts on the striatum a profound influence that affects both motor and motivational aspects of behavior (Gerfen and Wilson, 1996
). This projection is part of a larger mesotelencephalic system that originates from dopaminergic (DA) neurons scattered in the retrorubral field (RRF), substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), and ventral tegmental area (VTA), corresponding to groups A8, A9, and A10, respectively, of Dahlström and Fuxe (1964)
The striatum is composed of two distinct compartments, the striosomes (or patches) and the surrounding matrix, differing from one another by the expression of neurochemical markers and by input/output connections (Graybiel and Ragsdale, 1978
To circumvent this problem, very small subsets of neurons located in different sectors of the SNc/VTA/RRF complex were microiontophoretically injected under electrophysiological guidance with biotinylated dextran amine. This method ensures detailed tracing of the trajectory and entire arborization of single anterogradely labeled axons (Gauthier et al., 1999
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of the animals. A total of 45 adult Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes, weighing from 250 to 400 gm, were used in the present study. All surgical and animal care procedures adhered to the guidelines for the use and care of experimental animals of the Canadian Council of Animal Care. The Animal Care Committee of Laval University also approved our experimental protocol. The animals were first anesthetized with a solution of 10 cc ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/ml) plus 1.5 cc xylazine (100 mg/ml) administrated intramuscularly (0.1 cc solution per 100 gm body weight). A local anesthetic (Xylocaine 2% or Marcaine 0.75%) was also administrated in the ears and forehead of the rats before their heads were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus (David Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, CA). The anterograde tracer biotin dextran amine (BDA) (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) was injected bilaterally in the dorsal or ventral tier of the SNc, the VTA, or the RRF using the stereotaxic coordinates of the atlas of Paxinos and Watson (1986)
Injection procedures. The microiontophoretic labeling was performed using glass micropipettes (tip diameter 2-3 µm) filled with a solution of potassium acetate (0.5 M) plus 2% BDA. The electrodes had impedance of 15-25 M
and were used to monitor the extracellular activity of midbrain neurons with a recording amplifier (IR-283, NeuroData Instrument, Cygnus Technology, Delaware Water Gap, PA) and a standard oscilloscope. The spontaneous activity of the DA midbrain neurons is characterized by a rather slow single spiking or burst-firing pattern, which is markedly different from the fast and tonic firing of GABAergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) (Grace and Bunney, 1984a
Tracer revelation. After a survival period of 4-7 d, the animals were given an overdose of anesthetic and perfused transcardially with 500 ml saline (NaCl, 0.9%) followed by 1000 ml of a fixative solution containing 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB), pH 7.4. After a final wash with 500 ml of 10% sucrose in PB, the brains were dissected out and sliced along the midline. Each half of the brain was post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde during 1-3 hr and then placed in a cryoprotective solution composed of 30% sucrose in PB for 1 or 2 d at 4°C. They were then sectioned along the sagittal plane at 60 µm with a freezing microtome, and the sections were collected serially in 0.1 M PBS, pH 7.4. The sections were placed for 30 min at room temperature in a solution composed of 10% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 3%) plus 90% ethanol (50%) to eliminate endogenous peroxidase activity. After three rinses in PBS the sections were processed for the visualization of BDA according to the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) histochemical protocol (ABC Standard kit; Vector laboratories, Burlingame, CA). In brief, the sections were incubated overnight at 4°C in a solution containing ABC diluted 1:100 in PBS plus 0.3% Triton X-100. The sections were then rinsed twice in PBS and once in 0.05 M Tris buffer, pH 7.6. The bound peroxidase was revealed by incubating the sections in a solution containing 0.025% 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), 0.3% nickel-ammonium sulfate, 0.005% cobalt chloride, and 0.008% H2O2 (30%) in 0.05 M Tris buffer, pH 7.6, for 10-15 min at room temperature. The reaction was stopped by a rinse in 0.05 M Tris buffer, pH 7.6, followed by two rinses in PBS.
Immunohistochemistry. To determine the exact location of the injected neurons relative to the surrounding structures, the sections that included the injection site were processed immunohistochemically to reveal the calcium-binding protein calbindin D-28k (CB). The rest of the sections, that is, those that extended from the most lateral aspect of the striatum, laterally, to the level immediately lateral to the injection site, medially, were processed immunohistochemically for the µRs, which is a specific marker of the striosome striatal compartment (Herkenham and Pert, 1981
The immunohistochemical protocol used to visualize CB and µR will now be described briefly. After the tracer revelation, the sections were reincubated for one night at 4°C in a solution containing 5% of either normal horse serum (for CB) or normal goat serum (for µR), 0.1% Triton X-100, and the primary antibody. The CB antibody was a mouse monoclonal antibody highly specific for this calcium-binding protein (Sigma; dilution 1:2500). The µR antibody was a polyclonal antibody generated in a rabbit against a synthetic peptide sequence corresponding to amino acids 384-398 predicted from the cloned rat µR1 (DiaSorin, Stillwater, MN; dilution 1:1000). After three rinses of 10 min each in PBS, the sections were incubated for 1 hr at room temperature in the secondary antibody, which was biotinylated horse IgG (for CB) and biotinylated goat IgG (for µR). After three more rinses in PBS, the sections were reincubated for 1 hr at room temperature in 2% avidin-biotin complex (ABC standard kit, Vector Labs) according to the method of Hsu et al. (1981)
A series of sagittal sections from a noninjected rat covering the complete mediolateral extent of the SNc/VTA/RRF complex were processed alternatively for CB and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which is a faithful marker for DA cells at this level. The protocol used to visualize TH is essentially the same as that described above for CB and µR. The TH antibody used in this study was a mouse monoclonal antibody generated against TH isolated and purified from rat PC12 cells (Incstar; dilution 1:1000). All the sections were mounted onto gelatin-coated slides, dehydrated through passages in ascending grades of alcohol, cleared in toluene, and coverslipped with Permount.
Material analysis. The sections immunostained alternatively for CB and TH were used to obtain a detailed chemical map of the SNc/VTA/RRF complex that would serve to determine in which sector of the complex the BDA-injected neurons were located. This mapping took into account the facts that neurons of the dorsal tier of the SNc express CB and those of the ventral tier do not and that the neuropil of the SNr is intensely immunoreactive for CB (Gerfen et al., 1987a
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Figure 1. A-C, Drawings of the localization and extent of the dorsal and ventral tiers of the A9 dopaminergic cell group on three sagittal sections of the SNc/VTA/RRF complex. The drawings are set out in a mediolateral order, and the laterality (L) of each section, according to the atlas of Paxinos and Watson (1986)
The TH-rich VTA and RRF regions were found to harbor numerous CB+ cells, confirming that the DA neurons in these two groups also express CB (Gerfen et al., 1987a
After precise mapping of injection sites and labeled neurons, the remaining sections were examined with the help of a 10× objective to determine the presence of labeled axons. The terminal fields of each axon within the striatum were analyzed carefully, often with use of a 40× objective, to determine the exact relationship between the axonal arborization patterns and the striosomes/matrix compartmentalization. The axonal terminal fields were also mapped at low magnification, and their exact position was documented in relation to the corresponding planes in the stereotaxic atlas of Paxinos and Watson (1986)
Technical limitations and potential interpretation problems. The present study did not aim at specifically labeling neurons with electrophysiological properties that had been characterized previously in detail. This type of dual information can be obtained with the juxtacellular labeling procedure developed by Pinault (1996)
No attempt was made to define the chemical nature of the injected neurons in this study. Hence, although all neurons with axons that have been traced occurred in nigral sectors that contained numerous dopaminergic cells, it is impossible to conclude that they were themselves dopaminergic. This problem is particularly acute in the case of labeled neurons that were deeply embedded in the SNr, where the SNc dopaminergic neurons are known to be closely surrounded by GABAergic SNr neurons. We fully acknowledge the possibility that some of the neurons described in this study, principally those with an axon that arborized profusely at both thalamic and brainstem levels (see below), might be GABAergic SNr neurons instead of dopaminergic SNc neurons. These neurons were retained in the present sample only because they also had axon collaterals that arborized in the striatum, which is, by definition, the morphological trait that defines all nigrostriatal neurons. We emphasize the fact that the aim of the present study was to investigate the axonal branching pattern of as many nigrostriatal neurons as possible, regardless of their topographical location and neurotransmitter phenotype.
In this study, most of our efforts have been devoted to the characterization of neurons of the dorsal and ventral tiers of the SNc in relation to the striosome/matrix striatal compartmentalization. Consequently, the VTA and RRF were sampled much less extensively than the SNc. For example, only the dorsalmost aspect of the VTA was surveyed in this study, a limitation that may explain the absence of VTA neurons projecting to the cerebral cortex in our sample. The labeled axons from the VTA and RRF were retained here nevertheless because we thought it useful to compare their pattern of striosome/matrix striatal arborization with that of the SNc nigrostriatal neurons. However, we are fully aware that a much more detailed investigation of the VTA is needed for a general picture of the organization of the mesocortical projection system to emerge.
RESULTS
General labeling features
A total of 27 injection sites located in different sectors of the SNc/VTA/RRF complex were analyzed in the present study. The injection protocol used here produced very small injection sites, most of which had a dense core of BDA precipitate surrounded by a few (one to five) neurons that were labeled in a Golgi-like manner. Some of these neurons were located rather far from the injection site, and their somatodendritic domain was particularly well delineated. Intensely labeled axons exited either from the core of the injection site or from individually labeled neurons located peripherally. In the latter case, the axons emerged from the perikarya or a primary dendrite. These axons could easily be followed individually throughout each section and they were thus reconstructed entirely along the sagittal plane with a camera lucida. A total of 53 axons that emerged from the dorsal or ventral tiers of the SNc, the VTA, or the RRF were entirely reconstructed in the present study.
Dorsal tier of the SNc
Nineteen axons emerging from different sectors of the dorsal tier of the SNc were entirely reconstructed. On the basis of their pattern of arborization at the striatal level, these axons were subdivided into three types: (1) axons innervating principally the matrix compartment; (2) axons innervating densely both the striosome and matrix compartments; and (3) axons projecting to the ventrolateral aspect of the striatum, an area that corresponds to fundus striati of Paxinos and Watson (1986)
Type 1 axons
Type 1 axons were the most abundant type of dorsal tier axons (n = 12). Most of them headed directly to the striatum (Fig. 2A,B), but some ran medially throughout the VTA and showed elongated varicosities and sporadic terminal boutons before turning rostrally toward the striatum. All axons passed above the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and below the ventral edge of the zona incerta (ZI) en route to the striatum (Fig. 2A). Some axons displayed a few terminal boutons and/or elongated varicosities, reminiscent of boutons en passage, as they traversed the entopeduncular nucleus (EP), and most emitted one or two short and varicose collaterals in the caudal third of the globus pallidus (GP), before penetrating the striatum (Fig. 2A).
The majority of type 1 axons bifurcated in either the rostral portion of the GP, very close to the striatal boundary, or as soon as they penetrated the striatum (Fig. 2A,D-F). In most cases, the two major axonal branches coursed for a rather long distance within the striatum and emitted two to five short collaterals along their way (Fig. 2A,D). These collaterals, as well as the main axonal branches, often traversed striosomes but did not exhibit varicosities or any other terminal features as they ran through the striosomal compartment (Fig. 2D,F). The collaterals coursed for a rather short distance before breaking out into several thinner and slightly varicose fibers that formed rather discrete terminal fields in different sectors of the extrastriosomal matrix (Fig. 2A,D). Occasionally, the two main branches of one axon, after following different or similar trajectories within the striatum, arborized either densely or more weakly within the same discrete matriceal area of the striatum (Fig. 2C,E,F). Four other type 1 axons emitted a very thin collateral that targeted either one striosome located in the rostral half of the striatum (Fig. 2F) or, less commonly, the subcallosal streak. In the latter case, the collateral coursed ventrolaterally throughout the GP and emitted several short collaterals and terminal boutons in the ventral pallidum, before penetrating the striatum. The density of the terminal arborization of these collaterals within the striosomes or the subcallosal streak was very low in all cases.
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Figure 2. A, Camera lucida drawing of a dorsal tier type 1 SNc axon, as viewed in the sagittal plane. The compartmental organization of its terminal field is illustrated in D. B, Photomicrograph illustrating the BDA deposit in the dorsal tier of SNc. Note the CB+ cell bodies scattered in the dorsal tier and the CB+ neuropil that characterizes SNr but is absent in SNc. The arrow points to the neuron the axon of which is drawn in A. C, Photomicrograph showing part of the terminal arborization in the matrix of the axon drawn in E. The asterisk indicates one µR+ striosome. D-F, Striatal branching of three different type 1 axons. The shaded areas in the caudate-putamen indicate the µR+ striosomes and subcallosal streak. ac, Anterior commissure; CC, corpus callosum; CPu, caudate-putamen; LV, lateral ventricle; ic, internal capsule; OT, optic tract; SS, subcallosal streak; Th, thalamus. Definitions of abbreviations apply to all figures.
Type 2 axons
Type 2 axons (n = 3) emerged from cell bodies located in the most medial aspect of the dorsal tier of the SNc (Fig. 3A, inset). Before leaving the substantia nigra, this particular axon emitted two local collaterals that branched into several thin and varicose collaterals scattered along the ventral sector of the SNc and in the most dorsal aspect of the SNr (Fig. 3A,D). The axon ascended below the ZI, and after emitting a short and thin collateral in the subincertal nucleus, it bifurcated into two main branches that penetrated the EP by coursing parallel to one another (Fig. 3A). The more medially located branch (illustrated in red in Fig. 3) emitted three collaterals that arborized within the medial aspect of the EP and another collateral that reached the most ventral aspect of the reticular thalamic nucleus (Rt). The more laterally located branch (illustrated in blue in Fig. 3) provided only one short and poorly ramified collateral in the lateral aspect of the EP and in the most rostral sector of the ZI. The terminal fibers in the EP exhibited numerous round varicosities reminiscent of boutons terminaux. Both axonal branches followed a rather straight course through the GP, and only the lateral branch emitted one short collateral exhibiting large varicosities and boutons terminaux in the caudal sector of this nucleus.
The two branches penetrated the striatum by its dorsal half. The one in red headed toward the lateral aspect of the striatum and, along its way, emitted several short and varicose collaterals that remained confined to the matrix. It reached the most ventral aspect of the striatum, where it arborized within the µR+ subcallosal streak and adjacent matrix area (Fig. 3B). As the branch exited the subcallosal streak it bifurcated, and the two new branches ascended in the central portion of the striatum where they broke out into multitudinous thinner and slightly varicose fibers. Some of these fibers penetrated striosomes and others remained in the matrix, but the collaterals were notably more highly branched in striosomes than matrix (Fig. 3B,E). A total of six striosomes were densely innervated by the fibers that derived from this single axonal branch (Fig. 3B, red). In comparison to this widely distributed branch, the other (blue) axonal branch remained rather centrally located, traveled almost exclusively in the matrix, and emitted numerous short collaterals, which exhibited numerous round varicosities reminiscent of boutons en passant (Fig. 3C,F). It traversed two striosomes along its trajectory but did not exhibit any peculiar feature as it ran through them (Fig. 3C). The other type 2 axons were less profusely arborized at striatal levels. They both penetrated the striatum through its ventral half and gave rise to two branches that headed in parallel toward the rostral sector of the striatum. At this level, one branch arborized exclusively in the matrix, whereas the other innervated densely a few striosomes and, much more diffusely, the surrounding matrix area. One of these two type 2 axons had local collaterals that arborized in the dorsal and ventral tiers of the SNc as well as in the dorsal aspect of the SNr.
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Figure 3. A, Camera lucida drawing of a dorsal tier type 2 SNc axon, the parent cell body of which is pointed out by the arrowhead in the inset. This neuron is located beside a very small injection site in the medial aspect of the dorsal tier of the SNc. The arrow in the drawing indicates the level at which the main axon bifurcates, and the two axonal branches are represented in red and blue, respectively. B, C, High-power views of the striatal arborization of each axonal branch. The shaded areas indicate the µR+ striosomes and subcallosal streak. D, Camera lucida drawing showing the distribution of the local axonal collaterals in the substantia nigra. The arrow points to the main axon. E, F, Photographic enlargements of the terminal arborizations of each axonal branch at the level indicated by the dotted rectangles in B and C. SubI, Subincertal nucleus. Definition applies to all figures.
Type 3 axons
These axons (n = 4) emerged from the same rostral sector of the dorsal tier of the SNc that gave rise to type 1 axons (Fig. 2B). Following a highly convoluted initial course in the SNc, the type 3 axons ascended medially within the lateral hypothalamic area (Fig. 4A). All the axons emitted a few short and varicose collaterals in the EP, and three of them also gave off one thin and varicose collateral in the rostral third of the GP (Fig. 4A). This collateral coursed ventrolaterally throughout the GP and penetrated the fundus striati. In one case, however, this thin collateral bifurcated in the ventral region of the GP; one branch coursed ventrolaterally to reach the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, whereas the other penetrated the fundus striati (Fig. 4A,B).
In three cases, the axons entered the ventral third of the striatum and descended along the striatopallidal boundary before reaching the fundus striati (Fig. 4A,B). Only one axon penetrated directly the fundus striati (Fig. 4C). The axons coursed laterally within the fundus striati and emitted several collaterals that arborized close to the parent axon into several thin fibers that formed a few clusters of various sizes scattered along the mediolateral extension of the fundus striati (Fig. 4B,C). These terminal fibers were markedly varicose (Fig. 4B, inset). The terminal fields of two of these axons covered a rather wide mediolateral sector of the fundus striati (720 and 840 µm, respectively). One of the axons provided a thin collateral that reached the most ventral aspect of the subcallosal streak, almost at its junction with the fundus striati. After innervating the most rostroventral aspect of the fundus striati, another axon emitted three collaterals that coursed ventrally to reach the ventral pallidum, where they arborized in several thinner and varicose fibers that had the same beaded appearance as that of the axonal segments innervating the fundus striati.
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Figure 4. A, Camera lucida drawing of a dorsal tier type 3 SNc axon, as viewed in the sagittal plane. B, High-power view of the terminal arborization of this axon in the fundus striati (FStr). The inset in B is a photographic enlargement of some varicose terminal collaterals of this axon in the fundus striati. C, High-power view of the terminal arborization in the fundus striati of another dorsal tier type 3 axon. The inset in C provides an overall view of the arborization of this axon at the striatal level. The gray areas in B and C represent µR+ sectors of the striatum. AA, Amygdala; BL, basolateral amygdaloid nucleus. Definitions apply to all figures.
Ventral tier of the SNc
A total of 23 axons originating from different sectors of the ventral tier of the SNc were reconstructed. These neurons were subdivided into three groups on the basis of the location of their parent cell bodies: (1) neurons lying outside (dorsal to) the boundaries of the SNr (Fig. 5B), (2) neurons scattered within the boundaries of the SNr (Fig. 6A, inset), and (3) neurons forming clusters located deeply within the SNr (Fig. 7B).
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Figure 5. A, Camera lucida representation of a ventral tier SNc axon, the neuron of which is located outside the SNr, as viewed in the sagittal plane. The striatal arborization of this axon is illustrated in C, with gray areas representing µR+ sectors. The inset in A illustrates the varicose aspect of this axon at the level indicated by the dashed square in the drawing. B, Photomicrograph illustrating the BDA deposit in the ventral tier outside the SNr and the neuron the axon of which is drawn in A. Note that the labeled neuron, shown at a higher power view in the inset in B, is located just above the dorsal boundary of the SNr and displays dorsoventrally oriented dendrites. C-H, Striatal arborization of six axons of ventral tier neurons located outside the SNr.
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Figure 6. A, Camera lucida drawing of a ventral tier SNc axon the neuron of which is located within the SNr (see arrow in inset). The striatal arborization of this axon is shown in A, with gray zones representing µR+ sectors. B, High-power view of the striatal terminal arborization of the axon at the level indicated by the circled B in A. The inset in B is a photographic enlargement of some terminal collaterals, which are highly varicose and spread over a striosome and the surrounding matrix (arrowheads). C, High-power view of one of the axonal collaterals as it traverses a striosome at the level indicated by the circled C in A. The collateral exhibits axonal varicosities and two isolated terminal boutons at the tip of fine stalks. Note that one of the stalks traversed striosomal boundaries so that the bouton lies in the adjacent matrix. D, High-magnification view of part of an axon collateral that courses through the striatum before it reaches its termination site. This fiber is extremely thin and displays numerous round varicosities. CeM, Central amygdaloid nucleus, medial division; I, intercalated amygdaloid nuclei; VP, ventral pallidum. Definitions of abbreviations apply to all figures.
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Figure 7. A, Camera lucida drawing of a ventral tier SNc axon the neuron of which lies in a typical CB-poor oval sector (dashed line) in the SNr, as viewed in the sagittal plane. The axon bifurcates within the SNr, and the two main axonal branches are depicted in blue and red, respectively. B, Photomicrograph of the BDA deposit in the ventral portion of the SNr surrounded by the neuron the axon of which is drawn in A. The arrowheads point to the initial segment of the axon of this neuron. The inset in B offers a high-power view of the neuron (arrow) and part of its axon (arrowhead). C, High-power view of the terminal arborization of this axon, with gray zones representing µR+ striatal sectors. The inset in C is a photographic enlargement of some terminal collaterals lying in the matrix. D, High-power view of the axonal arborizations within the STN, ZI, Rt, ic, and EP. The arrow points to the level at which the blue axonal branch bifurcates. The inset in D is a photographic enlargement of some terminal collaterals in the rostral pole of the STN. DpMe, Deep mesencephalic nucleus; Fr 2, frontal cortex, area 2. Definitions apply to all figures.
Ventral tier neurons lying outside the SNr
According to their pattern of arborization at the striatal level, the axons (n = 12) of these neurons were grouped into three types: (1) axons innervating principally the striosomes (n = 5), (2) axons innervating striosomes and the subcallosal streak (n = 4), and (3) axons innervating exclusively the subcallosal streak (n = 3). Type 1 and 2 axons exhibited elongated varicosities along their entire course from the SNc to the striatum (Fig. 5A, inset). They all ascended above the STN and traversed the EP without emitting any collateral (Fig. 5A). All type 1 axons and one of the type 2 axons provided a short and varicose collateral in the caudal part of the GP (Fig. 5A). The type 1 and 2 axons entered the striatum by its dorsal half. Type 3 axons made a detour through the rostral sector of the RRF before ascending toward the striatum. Two type 3 axons emitted an ascending collateral that penetrated the thalamus and arborized in the ventral aspect of the Rt or continued its route up the ventrolateral nucleus, where it became too thin to be traced any further. All type 3 axons emitted one short and varicose collateral in the EP as they coursed toward the striatum. Type 1 axons innervated not more than one or two striosomes (Fig. 5C,D). Three of these axons did not branch until they reached their striosomal target, whereas the other two bifurcated in either the GP or the striatum, each branch innervating a different striosome (Fig. 5C,D). The striosomal terminal fields consisted of a few round varicosities to several thin and varicose fibers, some of which provided a few terminal boutons in the surrounding matrix. Type 2 axons traversed the striatum along its rostrocaudal axis and penetrated the subcallosal streak, where they exhibited a few round varicosities or terminal boutons (Fig. 5E-G). Along their striatal trajectory, these axons emitted between one and four thin collaterals that penetrated different striosomes (Fig. 5E-G). In some cases the collaterals bifurcated before entering the striosome, and the two branches reached either the same or two nearby striosomes (Fig. 5E,F). The terminal portion of the collaterals often exhibited a few round varicosities reminiscent of terminal boutons, whereas other collaterals arborized into a few thin and varicose fibers. Most of these fibers remained within the striosomal boundaries, but others provided one or two terminal boutons in the nearby matrix. One of the axons emitted one collateral that did not target any striosome but provided a few terminal boutons to the dorsolateral matrix. Type 3 axons targeted exclusively the dorsal aspect of the subcallosal streak. In cases of axons that bifurcated before reaching their target, the two axonal branches reached sectors of the subcallosal streak that were widely separated along the rostrocaudal or mediolateral planes (Fig. 5H). Their terminal fields consisted mostly of a few extremely thin and varicose fibers that did not course far in the subcallosal streak.Ventral tier neurons lying within the SNr
All seven axons of this group innervated very densely a specific set of striosomes and much less profusely the surrounding matrix (Fig. 6). After a long detour through the RRF (Fig. 6A), the axons turned rostrally, ran above the STN, and emitted a short and varicose collateral in the EP. They then traversed the ventral third of the GP, where they emitted two collaterals: a short and poorly ramified one that arborized in the ventral pallidum, and a longer and more ramified one that reached the amygdala. The latter collateral branched again in the amygdala and provided thinner collaterals that targeted the central medial nucleus, one of the µR+ intercalated masses and the basolateral nucleus (Fig. 6A). The collaterals that innervated the intercalated mass and the ventral pallidum exhibited numerous prominent varicosities, whereas those that arborized in the central medial and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei were rather smooth and yielded only a few terminal boutons at their extremities. Just before penetrating the striatum, the main axon bifurcated, giving rise to a branch that coursed dorsomedially along the striatopallidal boundary and another that headed rostrally (Fig. 6A). The dorsally coursing fiber emitted two collaterals that ran parallel to their parent branch. These three fibers were extremely thin and exhibited numerous large varicosities intermingled with smaller ones (Fig. 6B-D). They traversed several striosomes and provided a few pedunculated terminal boutons in some of them (Fig. 6C). Some fibers emitted one thin and long stalk that traversed the striosomal boundary and yielded a terminal bouton in the adjacent matrix (Fig. 6C). The three fibers entered the same striosomes in the dorsocaudal sector of the striatum, where they branched into several varicose fibers (Fig. 6A,B). Some of these fibers arborized rather poorly in the surrounding matrix (Fig. 6B). The rostrally coursing branch was notably less varicose and penetrated one striosome located at the most rostral aspect of the striatum (Fig. 6A). It did not ramify further in this striosome, but its terminal segment displayed a few varicosities. Some axons of this group also provided short collaterals to the subincertal nucleus and ventral sector of the Rt, but did not innervate the amygdala and the ventral pallidum.Ventral tier neurons forming clusters in the SNr
The first axon of this highly diversified group (n = 4) emitted three local and poorly arborized collaterals exhibiting varicosities and some isolated terminal boutons in the vicinity of the parent cell body and in the dorsocaudal sector of the SNr (Fig. 7A,B). Just before leaving the SNr, the axon bifurcated into two main axonal branches that reached the striatum through different trajectories; one branch coursed medially (depicted in blue in Fig. 7) and the other traveled laterally (illustrated in red in Fig. 7). The blue axonal branch made a long detour through the RRF before it headed rostrally toward the striatum. It emitted a collateral that innervated the deep mesencephalic nucleus and another collateral that arborized in the caudal ZI (Fig. 7A). It then subdivided itself into dorsal and ventral branches that both reached the striatum. The dorsal branch arborized rather densely in the ZI and Rt (Fig. 7A,D), whereas the ventral branch provided several varicose fibers in the area of the internal capsule located between the EP and the ZI and then traversed the EP and the GP, providing one short and varicose collateral in each of these structures (Fig. 7D). At the striatal level, this branch arborized frequently and its terminal field covered a large sector of the striatum, but it remained confined to the matrix compartment (Fig. 7A,C). The terminal arborization consisted of very thin fibers that exhibited round varicosities and formed small clusters scattered throughout a large portion of the striatum (Fig. 7C). This axonal branch gave off a thin collateral that provided three terminal boutons in the subcallosal streak, exited the striatum, and arborized in a pericellular manner in the deep layers of area 2 of the frontal cortex (Fig. 7A). The red axonal branch coursed rostrolaterally throughout the dorsal aspect of the SNr and STN (Fig. 7A). It emitted a collateral that arborized in the rostral pole of the STN and another that ramified along the lateral border of the Rt (Fig. 7A,D). It yielded a varicose and unbranched collateral in both the EP and GP (Fig. 7C,D) and then branched very poorly in the caudal aspect of the striatum, where its fine terminal collaterals were confined to the matrix (Fig. 7C). The second axon of this group (Fig. 8) emitted one collateral just before leaving the SNr. This collaterals coursed rostrally and bifurcated before reaching the ZI. The two branches penetrated the thalamus and arborized densely in the ventromedial, paracentral, and ventrolateral thalamic nuclei (Fig. 8A,D,E). As the main axon traveled dorsally through the RRF, it emitted a second collateral that ran caudally and innervated densely the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (Fig. 8A,C) and less densely the pontine reticular nucleus and the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei (Fig. 8A). The axon reached the dorsal aspect of the RRF, turned rostrally, and emitted a third collateral that coursed ventrolaterally and targeted the caudal sector of the STN (Fig. 8A). Farther rostrally, the main axon provided short and varicose collaterals to Forel's fields and caudal aspects of ZI (Fig. 8A) and emitted a few classical terminal boutons in the EP and several pedunculated terminal boutons in the GP (Fig. 8A,B). At the striatal level, the main axon followed a rather straight course and reached the most rostrodorsal sector of the subcallosal streak, where it ramified into a few short and slightly varicose fibers (Fig. 8A). Along its trajectory, the branch emitted four short collaterals that subdivided into a few terminal fibers exhibiting round varicosities and club-like terminals. The terminal fields of two of these collaterals lay exclusively within the matrix, whereas those from the other two collaterals were located just at the boundary between one striosome and the matrix (Fig. 8A).
The third axon of this group bifurcated into two main trunks just after departing from the cell body. After a detour in the RRF, the first trunk emitted a collateral that penetrated the thalamus and innervated densely the anteromedial, paracentral, and central medial thalamic nuclei. It also provided a short varicose collateral in the EP and bifurcated just before penetrating the ventral sector of the GP. Both fibers entered the GP and one of them coursed dorsally, providing numerous varicose collaterals that covered a large sector of this nucleus. The other fiber coursed rostrally and, after emitting a short collateral in the GP, entered the striatum. At the striatal level, the fiber followed a straight course until it penetrated the subcallosal streak, where it exhibited some varicosities at its end. The second main trunk took a direct rostral course and emitted an ascending collateral that innervated the caudal pole of the STN. It ascended rostrally to the EP and emitted several varicose fibers in the area separating the EP and the Rt. The branch then turned and ran backward toward the substantia nigra. It became very poorly stained as it coursed within the RRF and could not be followed up to its terminal site. The fourth axon of this group displayed a rather convoluted initial course and emitted four local collaterals that ramified profusely in the caudal sector of the SNr. It then coursed rostrally and emitted one collateral that turned caudally and penetrated the rostral pole of the SNr. This collateral gave off a single short branch that ramified poorly in the rostroventral sector of the SNr and then continued its course up to the caudal aspect of this structure. At this level it arborized into several varicose fibers that were intermingled with those derived from the local axon collaterals. The main axon emitted two other collaterals that innervated the rostral sector of the STN and the rostral pole of the EP. The axon then entered the GP by its ventral aspect and bifurcated. Both branches followed an ascending course throughout the GP and provided numerous collaterals that covered a large portion of this nucleus. Some of these collaterals penetrated the striatum and innervated µR+ striatal areas that lay at the striatopallidal junction.
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Figure 8. A, Camera lucida drawing of another ventral tier axon the neuron of which lies in a cell cluster located in the SNr, as viewed in the sagittal plane. The main axon (4) and its three main collaterals (1-3) are numbered to facilitate their identification. B, Photomicrograph of one axon collateral within the GP giving rise to several pedunculated terminal boutons. C, High-power view of the terminal arborization within the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg). The inset in C is a photographic enlargement of some terminal collaterals in the PPTg at the level indicated by the dotted rectangle in the drawing in C. D, E, Photomicrographs of the terminal field within the paracentral thalamic nucleus (PC) (D) and of some axonal collaterals in the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VL) (E). FF, Fields of Forel; LPB, lateral parabrachial nucleus; MPB, medial parabrachial nucleus; PnO, pontine reticular nucleus, oral part; scp, superior cerebellar peduncle; VM, ventromedial thalamic nucleus. Definitions of abbreviations apply to all figures.
Ventral tegmental area
On the basis of their pattern of arborization at the striatal level, the axons of these neurons (Fig. 9B) were subdivided into two types: (1) axons (n = 6) that innervated the fundus striati and (2) axons (n = 2) that projected to the matrix in the caudoventral aspect of the dorsal striatum.
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Figure 9. A, Sagittal representation of a type 1 VTA axon, with gray zones representing µR+ striosomes and subcallosal streak. The arrow points to the axon collateral that innervates a dorsal striosome before arborizing in the FStr. B, Photomicrograph illustrating the BDA deposit in the dorsal aspect of the VTA. The inset in B is a photographic enlargement of the injection site, and the arrow points to the axon that is drawn in A as it emerges from a primary dendrite. C, Sagittal representation of the axonal trajectory and striatal arborization of a type 2 VTA neuron. D, Photomicrograph of the dense terminal arborization in the matrix of the axon that is drawn in C. E, High-power view of some terminal fibers of the same axon at the striatal level. Definitions of abbreviations apply to all figures.
All type 1 axons exhibited elongated and regularly spaced varicosities along their entire course. They ran above the STN, traversed the EP, and emitted one short and varicose collateral in the caudal aspect of the GP (Fig. 9A). Two type 1 axons emitted also a few terminal boutons in the subincertal nucleus and the EP.
At striatal level, two type 1 axons innervated exclusively and very densely the fundus striati. They branched into a multitude of rather thick fibers exhibiting numerous large varicosities that spread over both µR+ and µR
areas of the fundus striati. One of these two axons also provided a few terminal boutons in the ventral portion of the subcallosal streak before arborizing in the fundus striati. The four other type 1 axons arborized less densely in the fundus striati, and their terminal fields, which comprised thin and slightly varicose fibers, were confined to µR+ areas (Fig. 9A). At the GP level, these axons emitted one collateral that entered the striatum and innervated one or two nearby striosomes located in the ventral sector of the dorsal striatum (Fig. 9A). Then, these collaterals targeted the fundus striati, where they arborized poorly into slightly varicose fibers that spread over both µR+ and µR
The type 2 axons followed a rather straight course and did not emit collateral en route to the striatum (Fig. 9C). Just before entering the striatum, the axons bifurcated, and the two branches pierced the striatum at the same mediolateral level but slightly separated dorsoventrally (Fig. 9C). At striatal level, each branch broke out into a multitude of thin and slightly varicose fibers that innervated densely a restricted sector of the caudal portion of the striatum (Fig. 9C-E). The terminal field of these axons extended ~700 µm along the mediolateral plane and was strictly confined to the matrix (Fig. 9C).
Retrorubral field
Three axons with parent cell bodies that lay in different sectors of the RRF (Fig. 10B) were entirely reconstructed in the present study. These three axons followed a rather straight course toward the striatum and displayed several elongated varicosities along their trajectory. Two of them coursed medially throughout the VTA before heading toward the striatum and showed numerous large varicosities as they passed through this midbrain structure (Fig. 10A). The three axons ran below the ZI and traversed the EP, where two of them provided a short and poorly ramified collateral that exhibited a few terminal boutons (Fig. 10A). Two axons traversed the GP without branching and penetrated the fundus striati either directly or after a detour through the ventral third of the dorsal striatum (Fig. 10A). They divided into three or four collaterals that arborized into numerous rather thick and slightly varicose fibers that formed several clusters scattered in the caudal portion of the fundus striati, which was highly immunoreactive for µR (Fig. 10A). The third axon provided three collaterals in the ventral third of the GP (Fig. 10C). One of them arborized exclusively in the substantia innominata, whereas another coursed toward the central nucleus of the amygdala and provided two small and varicose branches en passant that innervated the substantia innominata and the basal nucleus of Meynert. The third collateral was smaller and innervated only the most ventral aspect of the GP (Fig. 10C). This axon provided several direct collaterals to the ventrocaudal sector of the fundus striati and one collateral that continued toward the central nucleus of the amygdala.
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Figure 10. A, C, Sagittal view of two axons of the retrorubral field (RRF), with gray zones representing µR+ striosomes and subcallosal streak. B, Photomicrograph illustrating the BDA deposit in the RRF. The inset in B is a photographic enlargement of the injection site, and the arrow points to the axon that has been drawn in A, as it emerges from the cell body. B, Basal nucleus of Meynert; SS, substantia innominata. Definitions apply to all figures.
Somatodendritic domain of SNc neurons
The injection procedure that we used did not lead to a systematic labeling of the entire dendritic arborization of all the neurons with axons that were entirely reconstructed in this study. The present material was thus not entirely suitable for a detailed study of the input-output organization of single SNc neurons. Numerous SNc labeled neurons were nevertheless stained in a Golgi-like fashion, with a beautifully delineated dendritic arbor. These neurons had a medium-sized (mean maximum diameter, 20-30 µm), ovoid or polygonal perikarya that gave rise to three to six long and smooth dendrites. The axons emerged from the perikarya or a primary dendrite. These thick primary dendrites branched within 20-40 µm from the perikarya and gave rise to thinner, poorly branched secondary and tertiary dendrites. The most distal dendrites often displayed spine-like appendages also referred to as "complex endings" or "thin processes" (Yelnik et al., 1987
The bulk of the dendritic arborization remained within the SNc, except for a few long dendrites that coursed ventrally and invaded the SNr (Fig. 11). The dorsally radiating dendrites were found to be generally shorter than the ventrally radiating dendrites, some of which could be followed as far down as the cerebral peduncle. Many dorsal tier SNc neurons had dendrites oriented primarily along the mediolateral and rostrocaudal planes, although they also possessed some dorsoventrally oriented dendrites (Fig. 11A). Several ventral tier SNc neurons had dendrites that were oriented mainly along the dorsoventral axis, although they also possessed mediolaterally oriented dendrites (Fig. 11B). Other dorsal and ventral tier SNc neurons had dendrites that radiated in all directions. The somatodendritic morphology of the SNc neurons reported here is primarily in accord with the results of previous Golgi-staining and intracellular-labeling studies in various species (Juraska et al., 1977
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Figure 11. Camera lucida reconstruction of the somatodendritic domain of a dorsal tier SNc neuron (A), the axon of which is depicted in Figure 2D, and a ventral tier SNc neuron (B), the axon of which is illustrated in Figure 6. The arrows indicate the axon. Dt SNc, Dorsal tier of SNc; Vt SNc, ventral tier of SNc. Definitions of abbreviations apply to all figures.
DISCUSSION
The present study has provided the first detailed account of the axonal branching pattern of single neurons located in various sectors of the SNc/VTA/RRF complex in the rat. It has shed a new light on the relationship between the patterns of termination of nigral axons and the compartmental organization of the striatum and yielded detailed information regarding the branching pattern of midbrain axons at extrastriatal levels.
Compartmental organization of nigrostriatal axons
This single-axon labeling study supports the striosome/matrix mode of organization of the nigrostriatal system. As predicted from previous data (see introductory remarks), most of the dorsal tier SNc axons traced in the present study (Table 1, type 1) arborize within the matrix of the dorsal striatum. Our data reveal that the pattern and density of arborization of axons that emerge from various sectors of the dorsal tier of the SNc vary markedly. Although some axons innervate exclusively and very densely one specific area in the matrix, others arborize more diffusely in multiple discontinuous matriceal areas scattered dorsoventrally or rostrocaudally. There also exist a few dorsal tier SNc neurons with axons that arborize in both matrix and striosomes (Table 1, type 2). Interestingly, the innervation of the matrix and striosomes by these neurons derives mainly from different axonal branches, as if there were some compartmental selectivity for each branch of these axons.
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Table 1. Axonal branching patterns of nigrostriatal cells at striatal and extrastriatal levels As could be expected from earlier bulk-injection studies (Gerfen et al., 1987b
Most of the axons emerging from the ventral tier of the SNc arborize profusely in the striosomal compartment. A few ventral tier axons also arborize in both striatal compartments and, occasionally, in the subcallosal streak (Table 1, Fig. 12). The ventral tier neurons lying outside the SNr project almost exclusively to dorsally located striosomes and/or dorsal aspects of the subcallosal streak. Furthermore, the axon of such neurons innervates groups of several horizontally aligned striosomes or one or two nearby striosomes plus the distant subcallosal streak. Hence, on the basis of its midbrain inputs, the subcallosal streak can be divided into a ventral "limbic" sector and a dorsal "sensorimotor" sector, a functional organization that allows it to play an important integrative role.
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Figure 12. Diagram of the SNc axonal branching patterns at striatal and extrastriatal levels. The continuous arrows indicate that at least 50% of the neurons targeted the pointed structure, whereas the dotted arrows mean that <50% of the neurons innervated the targeted structure. In the schema of the axonal branching patterns of ventral tier cell clusters, numbers 1 and 2 indicate that the axons represented correspond to neurons 1 and 2 in Table 1. The possibility that these neurons may belong to the SNr instead of the SNc is indicated in parentheses. BS, Brainstem; M, striatal matrix compartment; S, striosome. All other abbreviations defined in previous legends.
The ventral tier neurons lying within the SNr also innervate principally dorsal striosomes, but the terminal fields of these neurons often encroach on the surrounding matrix (Table 1, Fig. 12). Interestingly, the ventral tier neurons that form clusters in the deep portion of the SNr and are considered as displaced SNc neurons (Van der Kooy, 1979
Axonal morphology
Nigral afferents to striosomes and matrix were shown to be morphologically distinct in the rat (Olson et al., 1972
Axonal collateralization
This study demonstrates that the nigrostriatal pathway is a highly heterogeneous entity composed of several subsystems that display complex patterns of axonal arborization (Fig. 12). In addition to the striatum, this multifaceted system also targets various basal forebrain limbic nuclei, as well as extrastriatal basal ganglia structures. The amygdala and the ventral pallidum, for example, are known to be targeted by SNc and VTA neurons (Fallon and Moore, 1978
We also provide direct evidence for a midbrain projection to the STN and GP, two pivotal basal ganglia nuclei. This finding confirms previous results suggesting the existence of DA nigrosubthalamic and nigropallidal projections in rats (Lindvall and Björklund, 1979
Local axon collaterals
Intranigral axon collaterals were seen to arise from two dorsal tier (type 2) and two ventral tier (cluster type) neurons. Hence, <10% of all SNc neurons analyzed here (4 of 42) were found to give rise to local axon collaterals. Previous Golgi and intracellular labeling studies failed to demonstrate local collaterals from SNc axons (Juraska et al., 1977
