The Journal of Neuroscience, September 29, 2004, ():
ATP Excites Interneurons and Astrocytes to Increase Synaptic Inhibition in Neuronal Networks
J. Neurosci. Bowser and Khakh
24: 8606
Supplemental data
Files in this Data Supplement:
- supplemental material
- supplemental material
- supplemental material
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Supplementary Figure 1. Cartoon summarizing the close interplay between astrocytes and
interneurons and the role of ATP signaling.
Excitatory input from CA3 Schaffer collaterals forms excitatory glutamatergic synapses onto CA1
pyramidal neurons and s.r interneurons. Only excitatory synapses onto interneurons express
presynaptic P2X2 channels (Khakh et al., 2003). Interneurons (blue) make inhibitory GABAergic
synapses with CA1 pyramidal neurons and other interneurons. When excited by ATP acting on
P2Y1 receptors interneurons increase synaptic inhibition of other interneurons and output pyramidal
neurons. Astrocytes (green) release glutamate and ATP onto interneurons leading to action potential
firing and increased synaptic inhibition across the network. Released ATP may further activate
nearby astrocytes and allow the signal to propagate over distance scales of ~200 µm in tens of
seconds.
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Supplementary movie 1. ATP directly excites astrocytes in the hippocampus.
Movie of the s.r. region of the mouse hippocampus from a brain slice loaded with Fluo-3 (1 frame
every 5s; see Figure 6A). Spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations are seen in most astrocytes, and the spot in
the top right indicates the application of exogenous ADP?S (100 µM).
- supplemental material
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Supplementary movie 2. Local electrical field stimulation causes a wave of astrocyte
activation.
Series of confocal images (1 frame every 5 sec) from the experiment described in Figure 9A. The
white spot in the top right corner of the movie indicates the time of electrical stimulation in the
centre of the field.
- supplemental material
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Supplementary movie 3. PPADS blocks the wave of astrocyte activation following electrical
stimulation.
Series of confocal images (1 frame every 5 sec) from the experiment described in Figure 9B. The
white spot in the top right corner of the movie indicates the point of electrical stimulation in the
centre of the field. PPADS was present throughout.
