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The Journal of Neuroscience, December 7, 2005, 25(49):11219-11230; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3751-05.2005
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Cellular/Molecular
Tandem Subunits Effectively Constrain GABAA Receptor Stoichiometry and Recapitulate Receptor Kinetics But Are Insensitive to GABAA Receptor-Associated Protein
Andrew J. Boileau,1
Robert A. Pearce,2 and
Cynthia Czajkowski1
Departments of 1Physiology and 2Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53711
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Abstract
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GABAergic synapses likely contain multiple GABAA receptor subtypes, making postsynaptic currents difficult to dissect. However, even in heterologous expression systems, analysis of receptors composed of  ,  , and  subunits can be confounded by receptors expressed from and subunits alone. To produce recombinant GABAA receptors containing fixed subunit stoichiometry, we coexpressed individual subunits with a "tandem" 1 subunit linked to a 2 subunit. Cotransfection of the 2 subunit with -tandem subunits in human embryonic kidney 293 cells produced currents that were similar in their macroscopic kinetics, single-channel amplitudes, and pharmacology to overexpression of the subunit with nonlinked 1 and 2 subunits. Similarly, expression of subunits together with -tandem subunits produced receptors having physiological and pharmacological characteristics that closely matched cotransfection of with subunits. In this first description of tandem GABAA subunits measured with patch-clamp and rapid agonist application techniques, we conclude that incorporation of -tandem subunits can be used to fix stoichiometry and to establish the intrinsic kinetic properties of 12 and 122 receptors. We used this method to test whether the accessory protein GABAA receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) alters GABAA receptor properties directly or influences subunit composition. In recombinant receptors with fixed stoichiometry, coexpression of GABARAP-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion protein had no effect on desensitization, deactivation, or diazepam potentiation of GABA-mediated currents. However, in 122S transfections in which stoichiometry was not fixed, GABARAP-EGFP altered desensitization, deactivation, and diazepam potentiation of GABA-mediated currents. The data suggest that GABARAP does not alter receptor kinetics directly but by facilitating surface expression of receptors.
Key words: GABAA receptors; macroscopic kinetics; protein concatamers; tandem subunits; GABARAP; GABAA receptor trafficking
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Introduction
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GABAA receptors are inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors that are widely distributed in the mammalian CNS. A great number of GABAA subunits and subunit subtypes have been identified in recent years, including 1–6, 1–3, 1–3,  ,  ,  , and  (Barnard et al., 1998 ; Bonnert et al., 1999). These subunits coassemble to form heteropentamers, with the five subunits arranged pseudo-symmetrically around a Cl– conducting pore. The subtypes 1, 2 (or 1), and 2 form the most common receptor pentamer, most likely with 221 subunit (Benke et al., 1991, 1994; Laurie et al., 1992; Stephenson, 1995). Neuronal constraints on the assembly of particular subunit combinations may be quite strict (Mohler et al., 1995; Hevers and Luddens, 1998), but many combinations are thought to be present in the brain. In transgenic mice with the 2 subunit "knocked out," conductance levels were reduced and benzodiazepine modulation of GABA-mediated currents was abolished (Gunther et al., 1995), leading the authors to suggest the possibility that receptors composed of only + subunits were expressed in these knock-out mice. One question raised in recent studies (Baumann et al., 2001, 2002; Boileau et al., 2002, 2003) is whether, even in heterologous expression systems, GABAA receptors are assembled in pentamers with the expected stoichiometry or arrangement.
Several studies have described differences in pharmacology and kinetics for particular GABAA subunit combinations, both in oocyte and mammalian cell expression systems (Vicini, 1991; Yeh and Grigorenko, 1995; Vicini, 1999). Comparisons between these studies are sometimes complicated by possible differences in cell type (Mercik et al., 2003), differences in the source of the DNA (e.g., species, subtype), the type of expression vector used, and the speed of agonist application. However, in almost every instance, the receptors examined were transfected or injected in a 1:1:1 :: ratio. Previous work from our laboratory and others (Boileau and Czajkowski, 1999; Baumann et al., 2001; Boileau et al., 2002, 2003) indicates that transfection or injection of 1, 2, and 2S subunits in a 1:1:1 :: ratio can result in a mixture of 12 and 122S receptors.
Here, we constrained stoichiometry by using concatenated "tandem" subunit constructs, with two subunits yoked together by a polyglutamine linker (Im et al., 1995; Baumann et al., 2001). We examined whether incorporation of tandem subunits alters GABAA receptor kinetic properties and defined the macroscopic kinetic properties of 12 and homogeneous 122S receptors using rapid agonist application to excised outside-out patches from transfected human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. Ultra-rapid drug exchanges (100–300 µs) ensured that desensitization and deactivation time constants were not slowed by the exchange time itself, as might occur in the whole-cell configuration (Bianchi and Macdonald, 2002). We also tested for concentration response characteristics, blockade by Zn2+, single-channel conductance, and open probability. In addition, we examined the effect of coexpressing GABAA receptor-associated protein (GABARAP), an accessory protein known to associate with the 2 subunit, on GABAA receptor kinetics (Barnes, 2000; Nymann-Andersen et al., 2002b).
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Materials and Methods
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Cell culture and DNA transfection. HEK293 cells (CRL 1573; American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) were maintained in standard culture conditions (37°C, 5% CO2) and transiently transfected with cDNAs of rat GABAA receptor subunits 1, 2, and 2S as described previously (Boileau et al., 2003) or 2L (generously provided by Dr. David Weiss, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL). The culture media consisted of minimal essential medium with Earle's salts (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Harlan Bioproducts for Sciences, Indianapolis, IN). Cells were plated in 35 mm culture dishes 48–96 h before transient transfection. cDNAs for GABAA receptor subunits were subcloned into the multiple cloning site of the mammalian expression vector pCEP4 (Invitrogen) for transfection. Untranslated regions from the GenBank databases both upstream ( 44 bases) and downstream (100 bases) of the open reading frame were included in 1, 2, and 2 cDNAs, as were the native Kozak recognition sequences. Cells were cotransfected at 70–90% confluence using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). Generally, we used 200 ng each of pCEP4-1 and pCEP4-2 and varied the weight ratio of pCEP4-2. The GABARAP-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion protein (generously provided by Dr. Lotfi Ferhat, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U29, Marseilles, France) was constructed by fusing cDNA encoding rat GABARAP with EGFP in the pEGFP-N1 vector (Clontech, Mountain View, CA) and cotransfected at a 6:1 molar ratio to the 1 subunit. Cells were cotransfected with EGFP (Clontech) either with pEGFP-N1, EGFP subcloned into pCEP4, or the pCEP4-GABARAP-EGFP construct and identified as transfected using a mercury arc lamp and a wild-type (wt) GFP filter cube (HQ:GFP 41014; Chroma Technology, Rockingham, VT). Cells were replated on 12 mm circle cover glass in culture trays with four 16 mm wells (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA) 4–8 h after transfection, incubated for 14–18 h at 37°C, and then moved to a separate CO2 chamber (31°C; 7% CO2) with no observable differences in kinetic measurements compared with cells left at 37°C. The episomal replication of the pCEP4 vector and the lowered growth temperature allowed for recording from passaged transfected cells for up to several days. All recordings were made at room temperature.
Tandem design and subcloning. Tandem subunits with rat 1 cDNA linked at the 3'-end to the 5'-end of rat 2 subunit cDNA were patterned after 6-2 tandem subunits constructed by Im et al. (1995). Briefly, one oligonucleotide was generated with codons for nine additional glutamines (5'-CAG-3')9 beyond the final glutamine of the 1 sequence, followed by sequence corresponding to the 5' beginning of the 2 sequence, including the entire signal peptide sequence. This oligonucleotide was used in conjunction with a downstream 2 oligonucleotide to create a PCR product (Expand; Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN). PCR was also performed separately with an upstream 1 oligonucleotide paired with a downstream oligonucleotide designed to remove the 1 stop codon and add the reverse complement of the nine glutamine sequence used for the 2 PCR. The "1+9Q" and "9Q+2" PCR products were purified (HiPure PCR Product Purification Kit; Roche Diagnostics), mixed, annealed, and extended by PCR to create a cassette with the 9Q sequence joining the 1 sequence to the 2 start codon. This cassette was then subcloned into existing restriction sites in 1 and 2 sequence (BamHI and BspEI, respectively) in a construct wherein the 1 and 2 subunits had previously been subcloned, in register, in the plasmid vector pBluescript SK- (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). After replacement of the intervening sequence with the cassette, the tandem 1-2(tan) sequence was then subcloned into the expression vector pCEP4.
Biochemical detection of tandem subunits. HEK cells were grown on 100 mM culture dishes and transfected with 1FLAG or 1FLAG- tandem (20 µg) using a standard CaHPO4 precipitation method (Graham and van der Eb, 1973). The subunits all contained the FLAG epitope sequence (DYKDDDDK) inserted between the sixth and seventh amino acid of the mature 1 subunit.
Forty-eight hours after transfection, intact cells were washed with ice-cold PBS (2.7 mM KCl, 1.5 mM KH2PO4, 0.5 mM MgCl2, 137 mM NaCl, and 14 mM Na2HPO4, pH 7.1). Sulfhydryl groups were blocked by incubating the cells with 10 mM N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) in PBS (20 min, room temperature). Cells were solubilized (2 h, 4°C) in lysis buffer (1% Triton X-100, 50 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) supplemented with protease inhibitors (0.5 mg/ml Pefabloc, 1 µg/ml pepstatin, 1 µg/ml leupeptin; Roche Molecular Biochemicals) and 10 mM NEM. Lysates were cleared by centrifugation (16,000 x g; 10 min; 4°C).
The FLAG-tagged GABAA receptor subunits were immunopurified from the cell lysates by incubating (2 h, 4°C, rotating) with 50 µl of FLAG-agarose beads (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The samples were then centrifuged (16,000 x g, 10 min, 4°C), and the beads were washed four times with 1 ml of wash buffer (0.1% Triton X-100, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, and 50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5) and once with 1 ml of 25 mM Tris-Cl. The FLAG-tagged subunits were eluted from the beads with 100 µl of 400 µg/ml FLAG peptide in wash buffer (1 h; 4°C rotating). After the incubation, the samples were centrifuged (16,000 x g; 10 min; 4°C), the eluate collected and denatured with 2x Laemmli Sample Buffer (3% SDS, 0.6 M sucrose, 0.325 M Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 10 mM DTT).
Protein samples were run on 7.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (0.45 µm). The nitrocellulose membrane was washed three times with 20 mM Tris-HCl, 500 mM NaCl, pH 7.5 (TBS); blocked for 1 h at room temperature with 0.5% low-fat powdered milk in TBS; and washed three times with 0.5% Tween 20 in TBS (TTBS). Blots were incubated in primary antibody diluted in TTBS plus 0.5% powdered milk (5 µg/ml M2 anti-FLAG; Sigma-Aldrich) overnight at 4°C and then washed four times in TTBS. Blots were then incubated in secondary antibody (horseradish peroxidase conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG; Pierce, Rockford, IL) for 1 h at room temperature and then washed six times with TTBS and before developing with Super Signal ECL substrate (Pierce).
Drug application and recording. Solutions were applied to excised outside-out patches using a four-barrel square glass application pipette (Vitrocom, Mountain Lakes, NJ) connected to a piezoelectric stacked translator (Physik Instrumente, Costa Mesa, CA). The glass was connected to solution reservoirs (30 ml plastic syringes) via six-way, low pressure, zero dead volume, Teflon selector valves (Varian, Palo Alto, CA), with Teflon tubing for the valve inlets and thin-walled polyimide tubing (Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL) for the outlets and sealed with Sylgard 184 (Dow-Corning, Midland, MI) and/or epoxy resin. Tygon tubing, as we and others (D. A. Wagner, M. P. Goldschen, and M. V. Jones, unpublished observations) have observed, can result in kinetic changes that resemble use-dependent channel block for GABAA receptors (data not shown), so we avoided its use. By minimizing dead volumes, solutions flowing from the application pipette could be completely exchanged in  30 s, allowing concentration–response relationships to be obtained from single patches. The voltage input driven by pClamp7 software (Molecular Dynamics, Foster City, CA) to the high-voltage amplifier (Physik Instrumente, Costa Mesa, CA) used to drive the stacked translator was filtered at 90 Hz using an 8-pole Bessel Filter (Frequency Devices, Haverhill, MA) to reduce oscillations arising from rapid acceleration of the pipette. The open-tip solution exchange time was estimated using a solution of lower ionic strength in the drug barrel after experiments were completed. Open tip solution exchange times of 100–300 µs ( ) were typically achieved. For excised patches, this has been shown to correlate well with drug application times (Trussell and Fischbach, 1989).
The recording chamber was perfused continuously with HEPES-buffered saline containing the following (in mM): 135 NaCl, 5.4 KCl, 1 MgCl2, 1.8 CaCl2, 5 HEPES, pH 7.2. This standard saline was also used as the "control" solution in the rapid application pipette. Recording pipettes were filled with the following (in mM): 129 KCl, 9 NaCl, 5 EGTA, 10 HEPES, 4 MgCl2, pH 7.2. The Cl– equilibrium potential across the patch was 0 mV. GABA solutions were prepared daily from powder and diluted to desired concentrations in the same control/bath solution. Recordings were performed at room temperature (22–25°C) on the stage of a Nikon (Tokyo, Japan) Diaphot microscope.
Recording electrodes were fabricated from KG-33 glass (Garner Glass, Claremont, CA) using a multistage puller (Flaming-Brown model P-97; Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA) and coated with Sylgard to reduce electrode capacitance for single-channel patches. The tips were fire polished. Open tip electrode resistance was typically 3–7 M when filling with standard recording solution. Most recordings were obtained at a holding potential of –40 mV, except when otherwise specified, using a low-noise patch amplifier (Axopatch 200A; Molecular Devices). Data were low-pass filtered at 2–5 kHz using amplifier circuitry, sampled at 5–10 kHz, and stored on-line using pClamp 7 software.
Data analysis. Axograph, pClamp (Molecular Devices), ORIGIN (Microcal Software, Northampton, MA), Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA), and Prism (Graphpad, San Diego, CA) were used for data acquisition and analysis. Statistical comparisons were made using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's posttest for significance of difference between transfection conditions, or Bonferroni's multiple comparison test for paired transfections with or without GABARAP-EGFP (Graphpad).
Desensitization and deactivation of currents were fit with multiple exponentials (plus a nonzero constant for desensitization). All desensitization curves were fit to 20 s GABA pulses (10 mM), which appeared sufficiently long to generate good fits with four time constants. Deactivation was best fit with two or three time constants, using either Chebyshev or simplex SSE algorithms, as determined by visual inspection using Axograph. Intervals empirically determined to reduce run-down between pulses were longer for 12 (or tan+1) versus 122S or (tan+2S) transfections: intervals were 40 versus 15 s (for 5 ms pulses at 1–10 mM GABA), 50 versus 20 s (for 20 ms pulses), 90 versus 45 s (for 200 ms pulses), 210 versus 120 s (for 2s pulses), and 300 versus 210 s (for 20 s pulses), respectively. Some of these intervals may exceed the minimum requirement for run-down reduction. For long protocols, high-concentration GABA solutions were turned off between pulses to reduce accumulation in the bath. The contribution of individual components in multiexponential fits was expressed as a percentage amplitude (%A), calculated as An/( An + c) x 100%, where c is the constant from the exponential fit for desensitization (c = 0 for deactivation). Weighted time constants were calculated as w =(n x An)/An.
GABA concentration–response curves were generated from tests of three or more excised patches. Generally, concentrations were tested starting from lowest to highest and then in reversed order in the same patch. Concentration–response curves for GABA were fitted with the equation I = Imax/[1 + (EC50/A)n], where A is the agonist concentration, EC50 the concentration of GABA eliciting half-maximal current amplitude, Imax is the maximal current amplitude, I is the current amplitude, and n is the Hill coefficient. Imax was set at a concentration 10-fold higher than the apparent peak response at lower concentrations, and this maximal concentration was applied between each lower concentration step and used as the scale for the previous pulse of lower concentration. Intervals between pulses were 60 s (twice the interval needed for a full solution exchange from one concentration to another), and pulse durations ranged from 2 s durations for the largest dilution of agonist used for a given receptor type, down to 30 ms for the highest concentrations. A full curve from lowest to highest concentration and then back down required 30 min to acquire. Data are reported as mean ± SEM. Patches with >10% run-down in peak current were discarded.
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Figure 2. Current traces comparing receptors formed from different transfections: 12, tan+1, 122S 1:1:10, tan+2S, and tan+2L. GABA (10 mM) pulse durations were 20 ms (top row, A, D), 2000 ms (middle row, B, E) and 20,000 ms (bottom row, C, F). Differences in desensitization are more clearly seen in longer (2000 and 20,000 ms) pulses, and comparisons of deactivation are visible in short (20 ms) traces and in longer traces when normalized to the current at the end of the pulse (middle row, insets). One example of tan+2L is shown for comparison in C (gray).
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Zinc blockade tests were performed as follows: patches were tested with 200 ms pulses of 1 mM GABA, and peak current was measured for three or more trials to assess run-down. Patches exhibiting >10% run-down were discarded. Patches were then preincubated for 30 s in control solution containing 30 µM ZnCl2 and then exposed to 1 mM GABA plus 30 µM ZnCl2, and peak current was measured in this condition. Cells were then washed back into control solutions to recover from Zn2+ block and retested. If the posttest peaks were decreased by >10% from the original control peaks, the test was repeated for that patch or discarded. Percentage block was calculated as follows: 1 – (peak current in Zn2+)/(peak current in control) x 100%.
Potentiation of IGABA by diazepam (DZ) was performed as follows: patches were exposed repeatedly to a low concentration of GABA (3 µM) for 500 ms until a stable current level was achieved. Subsequently, we preincubated 30 s with control solution plus 1 µM DZ. Finally, we applied 500 ms duration pulses of 3 µM GABA plus 1 µM diazepam until a stable current level was achieved. Potentiation was calculated from peak currents before and during diazepam exposure using the equation IGABA+DZ/IGABA – 1.
Mean-variance experiments to estimate open probability (Po) were performed by averaging 30–150 short GABA pulses from a single excised patch, for three or more patches for a given transfection type (Traynelis et al., 1993). GABA concentration was 1 mM, and 20 ms pulses were taken with an interval determined to reduce or eliminate the run-down caused by accumulation of desensitization for a particular subunit combination. Consecutive traces were then averaged, and ensemble variance was calculated for all points from the peak to the end of the 1.6 s sweeps. Data were plotted as mean versus ensemble variance and fitted to the equation  2 = iI – I2/N + c, where 2 is the variance, i is the unitary conductance, I is the mean current, N is the number of ion channels, and c is the y-axis intercept. Po is estimated by dividing the rightmost value of the data (equivalent to iNPo) by the maximum value generated by the parabolic curve fit, where the curve intercepts the mean (x) axis at iN.
Single-channel chord conductances were measured from single openings observed in deactivating currents following saturating (10 mM) GABA pulses. Identified openings of >0.5 ms (approximately two times the measured system dead time) duration were sectioned out of longer recordings and grouped, and amplitude histograms were fitted to multiple Gaussian distributions to determine amplitudes. Rare double openings were discarded from additional analysis, as were occasional openings corresponding to small (<5 pS) conductances. Mean amplitude (pA) was then plotted against the voltage (mV), and chord conductance was calculated from the slope. In patches with very few or one channel opening, data were gathered from patches under continuous exposure to 1–10 mM GABA, and clusters of openings were analyzed for amplitudes in the same manner. Data presented are mean ± SEM for a minimum of four patches per transfection mixture.
Modeling. Model current data were generated using the chemical-kinetic modeling plug-in in Axograph. Initial values for kon, koff, , and rates were adapted from other models of GABAA receptor kinetics (Jones and Westbrook, 1995; Hinkle and Macdonald, 2003), with an unbound closed state (U), singly liganded (B1) and doubly liganded (B2) states, and an open state for each bound state (O1, O2, respectively). Several state connection schemes were compared, with desensitized (D) states progressing from B1, or with some D states connected to one another. A simplified scheme with all D states connected to B2 was sufficient and robust. Based on the desensitization seen in pulses of 20 s, 10 mM GABA, four D states connected to B2 was optimized for receptors formed from - tandem subunits plus 1, and two D states were required to model receptors expressed using - tandem plus 2S. This model approximates EC50, relative open probability, desensitization, and deactivation characteristics of each receptor type.
A model for benzodiazepine potentiation was created using the relative potentiation expected with varying mixtures of and receptors. Maximal diazepam potentiation was modeled as in the experimental protocol at 3 µM GABA plus 1 µM diazepam. The EC50 values for and receptors determined experimentally were factored in, as was the open probability for receptors (0.69). The open probability for receptors was estimated at 0.45, slightly lower than the values we determined for some transfections (see Results) but also intermediate to estimates derived from first latency analysis (Burkat et al., 2001). Adjustments were also made for the relative amount of subconductance compared with main conductance for each receptor type (Angelotti and Macdonald, 1993). Minimal potentiation was set at zero for receptors, and maximal potentiation and 95% confidence intervals were derived from tan+2 transfection data.
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Results
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We characterized receptors formed using a tandem 1-2 subunit to constrain subunit stoichiometry and expression (tan) (Fig. 1). The tandem subunit was expressed in a 2:1 ratio with either free 1, free 2, or free 2 subunits, and we compared the kinetic properties to receptors formed using 1+2 subunits expressed in 1:1 ratio and 1+2+2 subunits expressed in 1:1:10 and 1:1:1 ratios. We first tested whether expression of the tandem 1-2 subunit cDNA resulted in the synthesis of a full-length tandem subunit (Fig. 1). Western analysis showed tandem concatamer protein of appropriate size (110 Kd dimer) with no apparent degradation products, suggesting that tandems do not break into or express single subunits that might incorporate into receptors. No current was detected with expression of tandems alone or tandems plus free 2 subunits (data not shown), again suggesting that incomplete incorporation of tandem subunits was not occurring (e.g., one of the two subunits does not "loop out" of the receptor). Also, if the N terminus of the tandem subunits were degraded, leaving a full-length 2 subunit, it would not express functional receptors with other tandems. Figure 2A–C shows current traces from transfections with tan+1 and tan+2S. For comparison, Figure 2D–F shows typical current traces directly comparing excised patches from transfections of free 1+2 subunits only (), to transfections of 1, 2, and 2 in a 1:1:10 ratio. In both desensitization and deactivation, transfections with tan+1 displayed characteristics indistinguishable from 12 receptors (Fig. 2, compare A–C and D–F), and transfections of tan+2S subunits yielded currents similar to 1:2:2 1:1:10. For tan+1 or 12, desensitization was much greater and deactivation was slower than for transfections with 2 subunits.
For 20 s duration GABA pulses, two time constants were required to fit the desensitization for tan+2 or 122S 1:1:10 transfections, whereas four were required for either tan+1 or 12 receptors (Table 1). In two of 25 patches from 122S 1:1:10 transfections, a small faster component of desensitization could be observed (data not shown). Weighted time constants for desensitization and deactivation for the receptors studied are presented graphically in Figure 3. The weighted desensitization time constants for tan+2S and 122S 1:1:10 transfections were significantly different from 12 transfections (p < 0.001), but tan+1, 122S 1:1:0.5, and 122S 1:1:1 were not (Fig. 3A). Figure 3B depicts the differences in the extent of desensitization for the receptors studied with 10 mM GABA pulses of varying duration. At the end of a 200 ms, 2 s, or 20 s GABA pulse, the extent of desensitization in tan+1 transfections was not significantly different from transfections, and the same measure in tan+2 versus 122S 1:1:10 transfections were indistinguishable. However, the extent of desensitization in 122S 1:1:1 transfections was significantly greater than either 122S 1:1:10 or tan+2S transfections for all three pulse durations (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the extent of desensitization in 122S 1:1:1 transfections also differed from tan+1 and 12 transfections at the end of a 2 s GABA pulse (p < 0.05) (Fig. 3B). Using a longer 2 splice variant (2L) with an 8 amino acid insertion in the cytoplasmic loop between transmembrane segments M3 and M4 (Kofuji et al., 1991) in place of 2S subunits coexpressed with tan yielded similar overall kinetics, with the exception of measurably slower deactivation (Benkwitz et al., 2004) (Figs. 2F, 3; Table 2).
Slower deactivation of tan+1 and 12 receptors was also readily seen for short GABA pulses (20 ms) (Fig. 2A,D) and at the ends of longer pulses (2 s) (Fig. 2B,E, insets). We generally required two time constants to fit deactivation for tan+1 and 12 receptors and three for tan+2S and 122S 1:1:10 receptors (Table 2). The amplitude of the slowest time constant was larger in short GABA pulse durations for 12 receptors compared with -containing receptors. Note that the value of 3 tends to increase with GABA pulse duration for all receptor combinations (Table 2). For 200 ms pulses, weighted deactivation time constants for 122S 1:1:1 transfections were significantly different from any of the other transfection types depicted (Fig. 3C) (p < 0.001), intermediate to 12, and 122S 1:1:10 transfections. There was no significant difference between 122S 1:1:10 and tan+2S transfections at any pulse duration in this measure, but the apparent trend of slower deactivation in 122S 1:1:10 transfections compared with tan+2S transfections may be attributable to occasional slight contamination by receptors.
To further characterize receptors formed from tandem constructs, we examined their sensitivity to blockade by Zn2+. Current block by Zn2+ was tested with 1 mM GABA, with or without 30 µM ZnCl2 (Fig. 4). As expected, tan+1 and 12 receptors were much more sensitive to Zn2+ block (mean ± SD; 89 ± 5 and 94 ± 2%, respectively) than tan+2S, tan+2L, or 122S 1:1:10 receptors (13 ± 4, 11 ± 5, and 15 ± 5%, respectively).
GABA concentration responses were also measured for 12, 122S 1:1:1, 122S 1:1:10, tan+1, and tan+2S transfections (Fig. 5). EC50 values were 5.6 ± 1.1 µM (mean ± SD) for 12 (Hill coefficient nH, 1.30 ± 0.24), 7.8 ± 0.5 µM for tan+1(nH 1.16 ± 0.05), 40.8 ± 8.8 µM for 122S 1:1:10 (nH 1.00 ± 0.08), and 46.6 ± 4.0 µM for tan+2S (nH 1.16 ± 0.30). The average EC50 value for 122S 1:1:1 was intermediate at 15.1 ± 7.9 with a Hill slope of 1.18 ± 0.08. EC50 values for 12 and tan+1 were not significantly different from each other, nor were values for 122S 1:1:10 and tan+2S. However, the EC50 value for 122S 1:1:1 transfections was significantly different from all four of the other transfection types (p < 0.001). These findings are consistent with the kinetic data indicating that mixtures of and receptors are formed in 1:1:1 transfections.
Estimations from mean-variance analysis yielded a peak open probability of 0.54 ± 0.05 (mean ± SD; n = 3 patches) for 12, 0.56 ± 0.06 for tan+1 (n = 4), 0.71 ± 0.10 for 122S (1:1:10; n = 7), and 0.64 ± 0.05 for tan+2S receptors (n = 3 patches; data not shown). No significant differences were found between 12 and tan+1 receptors or between 122S 1:1:10 and tan+2 receptors. It should be noted that several patches for 12 and tan+1 receptors could not be fitted with the standard mean-variance equation (see Materials and Methods), which is poorly resolved below a value of 0.5. Thus, true open probability may be lower than 0.5 for GABAA receptors, as is reflected in other studies (Burkat et al., 2001; Mortensen et al., 2004).
Another difference between receptors that contain or lack a 2 subunit is seen in their single-channel conductances (Angelotti and Macdonald, 1993). Figure 6 shows sample traces in which single openings were measured from transfections with tan+1, 12, tan+2S, and 122S 1:1:10. Conductances for either tan+1 or 12 receptors were 15 pS with a 10 pS subconductance, compared with 29 pS (21 pS subconductance) for tan+2S or 122S 1:1:10 receptors.
If 122S 1:1:1 transfections result in mixtures of 12 and 122S receptors, we would expect to see the 15 pS main conductance and 10 pS subconductance levels from 12 receptors. Examining deactivating currents allowed detection of apparent -like conductances from 122S 1:1:1 transfections (Fig. 7). Figure 7B represents an example of a single -like conductance observed under continuous 3 mM GABA exposure from an 122S 1:1:1 transfection. Summaries of current–voltage plots and calculated chord conductances are shown for each of the five transfection types (Figs. 6, 7C). Note that we were able to observe all main and subconductance levels described in 12 and 122S 1:1:10 receptors in "mixed" 122S 1:1:1 transfections (Fig. 7C).
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Figure 5. GABA concentration responses. A, Current responses to increasing concentrations of GABA for 12 transfections (with 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10, 30, 100, 300, and 1000 µM GABA) and 122S 1:1:10 transfections (with 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000, and 3000 µM GABA). Pulse durations are described in Materials and Methods. Note that less desensitization occurs in 122S 1:1:10 at any given concentration. B, C, Concentration–response curves and fits for 12 and tan+1 (open symbols) versus 122S 1:1:10 and tan+2S (closed symbols) transfections (B) or 122S 1:1:1 transfections (C, gray circles). Currents were normalized to a maximal response at a GABA concentration 10-fold higher than the curve-fit maximal responses shown. Data shown are means ± SEM for four or more patches each. In some cases, the error bars were smaller than the symbol for the mean. Note that 1 mM GABA is near-maximal for all combinations shown.
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GABARAP associates with subunits in vivo (Barnes, 2000; Nymann-Andersen et al., 2002a). Using GABARAP fused to EGFP as a reporter for expression, we found no effect of GABARAP-EGFP on desensitization or deactivation kinetics for transfections, as expected. However, we were surprised to observe no shifts in kinetics for tan+2S or 122S 1:1:10 cotransfections with GABARAP-EGFP (Fig. 8A–C; Table 1, 2). We also saw no apparent change in single-channel amplitude with cotransfection of GABARAP-EGFP, dissimilar to a recent study of GABARAP effects (Everitt et al., 2004).
To investigate further the effects of GABARAP expression on GABAA receptor function, GABARAP-EGFP was cotransfected with 122S 1:1:0.5. In this case, we observed a shift to slower and less extensive desensitization (Fig. 8A,B) and a concomitant reduction in the weighted time constant for deactivation following long (2000 ms) GABA pulses compared with 122S 1:1:0.5 without added GABARAP-EGFP (Fig. 8C). Previous work has suggested that GABARAP association with GABAA receptors slows desensitization, speeds deactivation, and increases GABA EC50 values for receptors (Chen et al., 2000). These results suggest that GABARAP does not directly affect receptor kinetic properties but likely facilitates surface expression of 122S receptors. This may occur by promoting 2S assembly into pentameric receptors by increasing 122S receptor trafficking to the surface or by decreasing removal and degradation of surface 122S receptors, thus shifting their kinetics and agonist properties toward more fully -incorporated populations.
We observed previously in oocytes that 2 subunit overexpression reduces variability and increases the value for benzodiazepine-modulated potentiation of submaximal GABA currents (Boileau et al., 2002). We found here using mammalian cells that diazepam potentiation of IGABA was quite variable for 122S 1:1: 0.5 transfections compared with 122S 1:1:10 or tan+2S transfections (Fig. 8D). Cotransfection of GABARAP-EGFP had no significant effect on the potentiation values for 122S 1:1:10 (2.0 ± 0.2; mean ± SD with GABARAP-EGFP vs 2.0 ± 0.2 without GABARAP-EGFP) or tan+2S transfections (2.3 ± 0.2 vs 2.4 ± 0.2) but increased the mean potentiation for 122S 1:1:0.5 transfections from 1.1 ± 0.5 to 1.7 ± 0.3 (p < 0.001), corroborating our hypothesis of an increase in the ratio of surface to receptors.
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Discussion
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The majority of studies of expressed GABAA receptors have reported the characteristics for receptors expressed in a 1:1:1 or 1:1:0.5 ratio, which can have mixtures of and receptors (Boileau et al., 2002). Because the stoichiometry for the combination is likely to be 2:2:1 (Chang et al |
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Abstract
Introduction
