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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 12, 3321-3349, Copyright © 1992 by Society for Neuroscience
Expression of the period clock gene within different cell types in the brain of Drosophila adults and mosaic analysis of these cells' influence on circadian behavioral rhythms
J Ewer, B Frisch, MJ Hamblen-Coyle, M Rosbash and JC Hall
Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254.
The product of the period (per) gene of Drosophila melanogaster is
continuously required for the functioning of the circadian pacemaker of
locomotor activity. We have used internally marked mosaics to determine the
anatomical locations at which per expression is required for adult
rhythmicity, and thus where the fly's circadian pacemaker is likely located
in this holometabolous insect. We first provide a detailed description of
the distribution and nature of per-expressing cells in the fly's CNS. Using
an antibody to the per gene product, or to that of a reporter of per
expression, in conjunction with an antibody to the embryonic
lethal-abnormal visual system (elav) gene product--which is used as a
marker of neuronal identity--we have experimentally confirmed previously
proposed assignments of per-expressing cells to the neuronal and glial
classes. Thus, we found that per expression and elav immunoreactivity
colocalized in large cells located in the lateral cortex of the central
brain, as well as in more dorsally located cells in the posterior central
brain. In contrast, we found that cells located at the margins of the
cortex and the neuropil, and within the neuropil, as well as smaller
cortical cells found throughout the brain's cortex, were elav negative,
supporting the notion that they are glial in nature. Using internally
marked mosaics, we find that the pacemaker is located in brain but is not
exclusive to the eyes, the ocelli, or the optic lobes, which is consistent
with previous reports obtained in this and other insects of this class.
Although the pacemaker may be a paired structure, we show that the
functioning of one of them is sufficient for rhythmicity. Finally, we
report that glial expression is sufficient for some behavioral rhythmicity
to be manifest. However, the rhythmicities of animals for which per
expression was confined to glia were weak, suggesting that neuronal per
expression as well may be required for normal pacemaker function.
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