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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 12, 3628-3641, Copyright © 1992 by Society for Neuroscience

ARTICLE

A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression

WC Drevets, TO Videen, JL Price, SH Preskorn, ST Carmichael and ME Raichle
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.

The functional neuroanatomy of unipolar major depression was investigated using positron emission tomography to measure differences in regional cerebral blood flow (BF). A relatively homogeneous subject group was obtained using criteria for familial pure depressive disease (FPDD), which are based upon family history as well as upon symptoms and course. Because of the absence of certain knowledge about the pathophysiology of mood disorders and their underlying functional neuroanatomy, we used data obtained from the subtraction of composite images from one-half of depressed and control subjects to identify candidate regions of interest. The major cortical region defined in this manner was statistically tested on a second set of subjects. Using this strategy, we found increased BF in an area that extended from the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex onto the medial prefrontal cortical surface. Based upon the connectivity between these portions of the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala and evidence that the amygdala is involved in emotional modulation, activity was measured in the left amygdala and found to be significantly increased in the depressed group. A separate group of subjects with FPDD who were currently asymptomatic were also imaged to determine whether these findings represented abnormalities associated with the depressed state, or with a trait difference that might underlie the tendency to become depressed. Only the depressed group had increased activity in the left prefrontal cortex, suggesting that this abnormality represents a state marker of FPDD. Both the depressed and the remitted groups demonstrated increased activity in the left amygdala, though this difference achieved significance only in the depressed group. This suggests that the abnormality involving the left amygdala may represent a trait marker of FPDD, though further assessment in a larger sample size is necessary to establish this. These data along with other evidence suggest that a circuit involving the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and related parts of the striatum, pallidum, and medial thalamus is involved in the functional neuroanatomy of depression.


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B. Baumann, P. Danos, D. Krell, S. Diekmann, A. Leschinger, R. Stauch, C. Wurthmann, H.-G. Bernstein, and B. Bogerts
Reduced Volume of Limbic System–Affiliated Basal Ganglia in Mood Disorders:: Preliminary Data From a Postmortem Study
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, February 1, 1999; 11(1): 71 - 78.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Current Directions in Psychological ScienceHome page
P. J. Whalen
Fear, Vigilance, and Ambiguity: Initial Neuroimaging Studies of the Human Amygdala
Current Directions in Psychological Science, December 1, 1998; 7(6): 177 - 188.
[PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
G. J. T. Horst
Letters to the Editor
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 1998; 275(5): H1910 - H1911.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
D. Ongur, W. C. Drevets, and J. L. Price
Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders
PNAS, October 27, 1998; 95(22): 13290 - 13295.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
T. Hershey, K. J. Black, M. K. Stambuk, J. L. Carl, L. A. McGee-Minnich, and J. S. Perlmutter
Altered thalamic response to levodopa in Parkinson's patients with dopa-induced dyskinesias
PNAS, September 29, 1998; 95(20): 12016 - 12021.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Behav ModifHome page
M. S. George, T. Huggins, W. Mcdermut, P. I. Parekh, D. Rubinow, and R. M. Post
Abnormal Facial Emotion Recognition in Depression:: Serial Testing in an Ultra-Rapid-Cycling Patient
Behav Modif, April 1, 1998; 22(2): 192 - 204.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J Neuropsychiatry Clin NeurosciHome page
C. G. Lyketsos, G. J. Treisman, J. R. Lipsey, P. L.P. Morris, and R. G. Robinson
Does Stroke Cause Depression?
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, February 1, 1998; 10(1): 103 - 107.
[Full Text]

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 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
G. S. Alexopoulos, B. S. Meyers, R. C. Young, S. Campbell, D. Silbersweig, and M. Charlson
'Vascular Depression' Hypothesis
Arch Gen Psychiatry, October 1, 1997; 54(10): 915 - 922.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J. Neurol. Neurosurg. PsychiatryHome page
R Elliott, B J Sahakian, J J Herrod, T W Robbins, and E S Paykel
Abnormal response to negative feedback in unipolar depression: evidence for a diagnosis specific impairment
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, July 1, 1997; 63(1): 74 - 82.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
M. J. Millan, A. Newman-Tancredi, J.-M. Rivet, M. Brocco, P. Lacroix, V. Audinot, L. Cistarelli, and A. Gobert
S 15535, A Novel Benzodioxopiperazine Ligand of Serotonin (5-HT)1A Receptors: I. Interaction with Cloned Human (h)5-HT1A, Dopamine hD2/hD3 and halpha 2A-Adrenergic Receptors in Relation to Modulation of Cortical Monoamine Release and Activity in Models of Potential Antidepressant Activity
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 1997; 282(1): 132 - 147.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
D. H. Zald and J. V. Pardo
Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: Amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation
PNAS, April 15, 1997; 94(8): 4119 - 4124.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J PsychopharmacolHome page
G. M. Goodwin
Neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal lobes in depression
J Psychopharmacol, January 1, 1997; 11(2): 115 - 122.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 The Counseling PsychologistHome page
M. F. Scheier and C. S. Carver
Psychological Resources Matter, No Matter How You Say it or Frame it
The Counseling Psychologist, October 1, 1996; 24(4): 736 - 742.


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 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
H. A. Sackeim, B. Luber, G. P. Katzman, J. R. Moeller, J. Prudic, D. P. Devanand, and M. S. Nobler
The Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Quantitative Electroencephalograms: Relationship to Clinical Outcome
Arch Gen Psychiatry, September 1, 1996; 53(9): 814 - 824.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
A. P. Ho, J. C. Gillin, M. S. Buchsbaum, J. C. Wu, L. Abel, and W. E. Bunney Jr
Brain Glucose Metabolism During Non--Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Major Depression: A Positron Emission Tomography Study
Arch Gen Psychiatry, July 1, 1996; 53(7): 645 - 652.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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