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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 14, 107-123, Copyright © 1994 by Society for Neuroscience
Lineage analysis reveals neurotransmitter (GABA or glutamate) but not calcium-binding protein homogeneity in clonally related cortical neurons
MC Mione, C Danevic, P Boardman, B Harris and JG Parnavelas
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, United Kingdom.
Studies of cell lineage in the rat cerebral cortex have provided new
insights into the mechanisms of neuronal and glial determination. They have
shown that clonally related cells, marked with retrovirus injection at
embryonic day 16 (E16), express the same glial or neuronal phenotype,
suggesting that separate progenitors for each of these cell phenotypes
exist in the ventricular zone at that stage of corticogenesis. However, it
is not known if such committed progenitors are present in the ventricular
zone before E16. Another important question concerns which neurochemical
features are shared by clonally related cells of the adult cerebral cortex.
In this study we have addressed the first question by injecting a
retroviral vector expressing beta-galactosidase into the telencephalic
ventricles of rat embryos at different stages (E14-E19). In order to
classify clonally related neurons in the cerebral cortex of these rats, we
have used postembedding immunohistochemistry for the amino acid
neurotransmitters glutamate, aspartate, and GABA. Glutamate and GABA
immunoreactivity marked nonoverlapping populations of cells that
corresponded to the pyramidal and nonpyramidal neuron types of the rat
cerebral cortex. Clonally related neurons, marked by retrovirus injection
at any day between E14 and E19, homogeneously expressed one or other
phenotype and accordingly displayed glutamate or GABA immunoreactivity.
This finding indicates that committed progenitor cells for pyramidal and
nonpyramidal neurons are present in the ventricular zone before E16. To
investigate whether lineage dictates other features in clonally related
neurons, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis for the calcium-
binding proteins calbindin, parvalbumin, and calretinin in clusters of
clonally related nonpyramidal neurons. The same calcium-binding protein was
rarely found in members of the same cluster, suggesting that lineage does
not control the expression of calcium-binding proteins in cortical
nonpyramidal neurons. As a result of examining a large number of clonally
related neurons from brains injected at different ages, we observed
remarkable differences in number and laminar distribution of pyramidal and
nonpyramidal neurons marked with retrovirus. Clusters of nonpyramidal
neurons were usually composed of two or three cells, and resided in the
cortical layers that were just being generated at the time of injection.
Clusters of pyramidal neurons were larger and dispersed in several layers
in the earlier injections; their size and laminar distribution were
progressively reduced for later injections. These observations suggest the
existence of different mechanisms that generate the pyramidal and
nonpyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex.
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