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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 14, 2313-2326, Copyright © 1994 by Society for Neuroscience
AMPA-induced excitotoxic lesions of the basal forebrain: a significant role for the cortical cholinergic system in attentional function
JL Muir, BJ Everitt and TW Robbins
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of the basal forebrain
(BF)-cortical cholinergic system in visual attentional function by
investigating the effect of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl- 4-isoxazole
propionic acid (AMPA)-induced lesions of the basal forebrain on performance
of a five-choice serial reaction time task. AMPA lesions in the present
study produced a profound effect on performance of the task, as measured by
choice accuracy and correct response latency. This deficit was
significantly greater than that observed in earlier studies following
ibotenate- or quisqualate-induced lesions of the BF. However, detailed
histological and biochemical analysis revealed three rather different BF
lesions depending upon the batch of AMPA supplied. In one group of animals
(BF/1) the deficits in task performance were substantially greater and
longer lasting compared to another group of lesioned animals (BF/2), which
showed behavioral recovery several months following the lesion. The former
sustained severe pallidal damage in addition to marked reductions in
cortical ChAT activity. Support for the attentional nature of these
deficits was obtained by the ability to improve task performance in BF/1
lesioned animals by increasing the duration of the visual stimulus and thus
reducing the attentional load placed on these animals. In contrast,
performance deficits could be reinstated in those animals showing
behavioral recovery (BF/2) by reducing the duration of the visual stimulus
and thus increasing attentional load. In the second experiment more
discrete lesions of the magnocellular cholinergic neurons were made,
resulting in extensive reduction of cortical ChAT activity with
considerably less neuronal loss from the dorsal pallidum compared to the
BF/1 lesion group. Once again, deficits on the task were substantially
greater than observed previously following either quisqualate- or
ibotenate-induced BF lesions. Furthermore, the cholinergic specificity of
these deficits was supported by the attenuation of behavioral impairments
following administration of the anti-cholinesterase physostigmine. Taken
together with our earlier work, which has failed to demonstrate mnemonic
deficits following lesions to the magnocellular neurons of the nucleus
basalis of Meynert, these results suggest that the most consistent deficit
produced following lesions of the BF-cortical cholinergic system is
attentional dysfunction Analogous deficits in visual attention are also
seen in patients with Alzheimer's disease, which can also be improved by
anti- cholinesterase treatment.
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