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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 14, 4467-4480, Copyright © 1994 by Society for Neuroscience
Locus coeruleus neurons in monkey are selectively activated by attended cues in a vigilance task
G Aston-Jones, J Rajkowski, P Kubiak and T Alexinsky
Department of Mental Health Sciences, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102.
Impulse activity was recorded extracellularly from noradrenergic neurons in
the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC; 47 single-cell and 126 multicell
recordings) of four cynomolgus monkeys performing an oddball visual
discrimination task. For juice reward, the subjects were required to
release a lever rapidly in response to an infrequent (10- 20% of trials)
target cue (CS+) that was randomly intermixed with nontarget (CS-) stimuli
presented on a video display. All LC neurons examined were phasically and
selectively activated by target cues in this task. Other task events
elicited no consistent response from these neurons (juice reward, lever
release, fix-spot stimuli, nontarget stimuli). In one animal, nontarget
cues phasically inhibited LC neurons. Phasic LC excitatory responses to
target cues in this task occurred at a relatively short latency (mean =
90.7 msec), approximately 200 msec prior to the behavioral response (lever
release). In addition, LC response magnitudes varied with behavioral
performance, being substantially attenuated during epochs of poor
performance (high false alarm rate). There was a positive correlation (r =
0.30, p < 0.0001) between the latency of LC responses and the latency of
behavioral responses to same target cues, consistent with the possibility
that LC responses may have a role in selective attention by facilitating
responses to the CS+ stimulus. Analyses of behavioral response latencies to
pairs of stimuli indicated that LC responses may facilitate behavioral
responses to subsequent sensory cues, consistent with a role of this system
in sustained attention/vigilance. Moreover, responses became reduced in
magnitude over time during prolonged task performance (> 90 min), in
parallel with a behavioral performance decrement. These results show that
LC neurons are activated selectively by attended stimuli that demand a
rapid response in this task, and that such LC responses may contribute to
conditioned behavioral responses.
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