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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 15, 4727-4737, Copyright © 1995 by Society for Neuroscience
Developmental determinants at the mammalian optic chiasm
RW Guillery, CA Mason and JS Taylor
Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
The mammalian optic chiasm is widely and properly regarded as a region
where axons from the temporal retina take an uncrossed course and separate
from axons arising in the nasal retina that take a crossed course. However,
this is but a rough approximation of the adult situation, and developmental
studies must take account of several distinctive stages and axon
rearrangements that characterize the region of the chiasm. At the early and
late stages of development of nonprimate species the axons do not segregate
in accordance with a strict naso-temporal rule at all, and their behavior
at the chiasm is not relevant to the formation of the naso-temporal
division. As the axons pass from the eye to the chiasm they tend to lose
their retinotopic order, to gain a chronotopic order, and then, in the
region of the chiasm, to regain some aspects of the retinotopic order
before reaching their terminal sites. Molecular or cellular cues that allow
the several distinct organizational steps to occur must be expected in the
retina, on the axons themselves, and also along the pathway of the axons,
prechiasmatically and at the chiasm. Some of these cues will be associated
with local nerve cells, some with specialized glial elements and some with
the retinofugal axons themselves. Several candidate molecules have been
identified in the retina and along the path of the axons, but to date no
clearly defined role in the specific events of the pathway determination
have been identified. The sequence of developmental processes that
characterizes the formation of the optic chiasm provides an interesting and
useful challenge to experimentalists, because the advancing axons can now
be observed in vitro and in the living brain. The pattern of growth changes
as development proceeds, it shows distinctive properties in different
species and in their genetic mutants, and it can be readily modified by
simple experimental procedures. These all provide opportunities for
investigating the function of proposed molecular cues that act in the
development of the chiasm.
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