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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 15, 5870-5878, Copyright © 1995 by Society for Neuroscience
Semantic encoding and retrieval in the left inferior prefrontal cortex: a functional MRI study of task difficulty and process specificity
JB Demb, JE Desmond, AD Wagner, CJ Vaidya, GH Glover and JD Gabrieli
Department of Psychology, Stanford University, California 94305-2130, USA.
Prefrontal cortical function was examined during semantic encoding and
repetition priming using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), a
noninvasive technique for localizing regional changes in blood oxygenation,
a correlate of neural activity. Words studied in a semantic (deep) encoding
condition were better remembered than words studied in both easier and more
difficult nonsemantic (shallow) encoding conditions, with difficulty
indexed by response time. The left inferior prefrontal cortex (LIPC)
(Brodmann's areas 45, 46, 47) showed increased activation during semantic
encoding relative to nonsemantic encoding regardless of the relative
difficulty of the nonsemantic encoding task. Therefore, LIPC activation
appears to be related to semantic encoding and not task difficulty.
Semantic encoding decisions are performed faster the second time words are
presented. This represents semantic repetition priming, a facilitation in
semantic processing for previously encoded words that is not dependent on
intentional recollection. The same LIPC area activated during semantic
encoding showed decreased activation during repeated semantic encoding
relative to initial semantic encoding of the same words. This decrease in
activation during repeated encoding was process specific; it occurred when
words were semantically reprocessed but not when words were nonsemantically
reprocessed. The results were apparent in both individual and averaged
functional maps. These findings suggest that the LIPC is part of a semantic
executive system that contributes to the on-line retrieval of semantic
information.
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[Abstra | |
