 |
 Previous Article | Next Article 
Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 16, 563-571, Copyright © 1996 by Society for Neuroscience
Recovery phase of the murine rod photoresponse reconstructed from electroretinographic recordings
AL Lyubarsky and EN Pugh Jr
Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6196, USA.
The activation and recovery phases of the murine rod photo-response were
determined from corneal electroretinograms (ERGs) obtained in response to
pairs of full-field flashes producing 50-10(5) photoisomerized rhodopsins
(R*) per rod. The a-wave component of the ERG in response to the initial
flash provided a well established measure of the activation phase of the
rod response. The amplitude of the a-wave response to an intense second
flash (45,000 R*) delivered 0.2-5 seconds (s) after the first flash was
used to reconstruct the recovery phase of the response. For 160-3000 R*
rod-1, recovery curves were isomorphic, translating on the time axis such
that each e-fold increase in R* produced an incremental recovery delay of
tau c = 210 +/- 50 ms (mean +/- SD). For initial flashes producing >
3000 R*, recovery curves lost their initial isomorphism and half-times had
intensity dependence exceeding 1 s per e-fold increase in R*. We conclude
that for flashes producing < 3000 R*, the effective lifetime of these R*
is not > 210 ms. Two extant and non-mutually exclusive hypotheses are
discussed that can account for the sharp increase in recovery times from
flashes producing > 3000 R*. They are as follows: (1) approximately
0.03% of R* have a lifetime exceeding 1 s; and (2) the gamma subunit of
phosphodiesterase (PDE gamma) serves as a GTPase- activating factor, and
3000 R* produce sufficient activated G-protein (G*) to exceed the total
quantity of PDE gamma subunits such that excess G* must wait for unoccupied
PDE gamma to inactivate via GTP hydrolysis.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
J. S. Satz, A. R. Philp, H. Nguyen, H. Kusano, J. Lee, R. Turk, M. J. Riker, J. Hernandez, R. M. Weiss, M. G. Anderson, et al.
Visual Impairment in the Absence of Dystroglycan
J. Neurosci.,
October 21, 2009;
29(42):
13136 - 13146.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Doan, A. W. Azevedo, J. B. Hurley, and F. Rieke
Arrestin Competition Influences the Kinetics and Variability of the Single-Photon Responses of Mammalian Rod Photoreceptors
J. Neurosci.,
September 23, 2009;
29(38):
11867 - 11879.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Estevez, A. V. Kolesnikov, P. Ala-Laurila, R. K. Crouch, V. I. Govardovskii, and M. C. Cornwall
The 9-methyl group of retinal is essential for rapid Meta II decay and phototransduction quenching in red cones
J. Gen. Physiol.,
August 1, 2009;
134(2):
137 - 150.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Codega, L. D. Santina, C. Gargini, D. E. Bedolla, T. Subkhankulova, F. J. Livesey, L. Cervetto, and V. Torre
Prolonged illumination up-regulates arrestin and two guanylate cyclase activating proteins: a novel mechanism for light adaptation
J. Physiol.,
June 1, 2009;
587(11):
2457 - 2472.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. Martemyanov, C. M. Krispel, P. V. Lishko, M. E. Burns, and V. Y. Arshavsky
Functional comparison of RGS9 splice isoforms in a living cell
PNAS,
December 30, 2008;
105(52):
20988 - 20993.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Xu, P. Sulaiman, R. M. Feddersen, J. Liu, R. G. Smith, and N. Vardi
Retinal ON Bipolar Cells Express a New PCP2 Splice Variant That Accelerates the Light Response
J. Neurosci.,
September 3, 2008;
28(36):
8873 - 8884.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Rohrer, Y. Guo, K. Kunchithapautham, and G. S. Gilkeson
Eliminating Complement Factor D Reduces Photoreceptor Susceptibility to Light-Induced Damage
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
November 1, 2007;
48(11):
5282 - 5289.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. S. Shindler, E. Ventura, T. S. Rex, P. Elliott, and A. Rostami
SIRT1 Activation Confers Neuroprotection in Experimental Optic Neuritis
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
August 1, 2007;
48(8):
3602 - 3609.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Cornwall and P. Ala-Laurila
A Perfect Marriage: Molecular Genetics Ties the Knot with Electrophysiology in Studies of Visual Transduction
J. Gen. Physiol.,
July 1, 2007;
130(1):
7 - 10.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Sakurai, A. Onishi, H. Imai, O. Chisaka, Y. Ueda, J. Usukura, K. Nakatani, and Y. Shichida
Physiological Properties of Rod Photoreceptor Cells in Green-sensitive Cone Pigment Knock-in Mice
J. Gen. Physiol.,
July 1, 2007;
130(1):
21 - 40.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-J. Pang, M. M. Abd-El-Barr, F. Gao, D. E. Bramblett, D. L. Paul, and S. M. Wu
Relative contributions of rod and cone bipolar cell inputs to AII amacrine cell light responses in the mouse retina
J. Physiol.,
April 15, 2007;
580(2):
397 - 410.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Baehr, S. Karan, T. Maeda, D.-G. Luo, S. Li, J. D. Bronson, C. B. Watt, K.-W. Yau, J. M. Frederick, and K. Palczewski
The Function of Guanylate Cyclase 1 and Guanylate Cyclase 2 in Rod and Cone Photoreceptors
J. Biol. Chem.,
March 23, 2007;
282(12):
8837 - 8847.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. D. Lamb and E. N. Pugh Jr
Phototransduction, Dark Adaptation, and Rhodopsin Regeneration The Proctor Lecture
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
December 1, 2006;
47(12):
5138 - 5152.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Estevez, P. Ala-Laurila, R. K. Crouch, and M. C. Cornwall
Turning Cones Off: the Role of the 9-Methyl Group of Retinal in Red Cones
J. Gen. Physiol.,
December 1, 2006;
128(6):
671 - 685.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Duncan, H. Yang, T. Doan, R. S. Silverstein, G. J. Murphy, G. Nune, X. Liu, D. Copenhagen, B. L. Tempel, F. Rieke, et al.
Scotopic visual signaling in the mouse retina is modulated by high-affinity plasma membrane calcium extrusion.
J. Neurosci.,
July 5, 2006;
26(27):
7201 - 7211.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Moussaif, W. W. Rubin, V. Kerov, R. Reh, D. Chen, J. Lem, C.-K. Chen, J. B. Hurley, M. E. Burns, and N. O. Artemyev
Phototransduction in a transgenic mouse model of Nougaret night blindness.
J. Neurosci.,
June 21, 2006;
26(25):
6863 - 6872.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Gao, M. E. Pennesi, X. Qiao, M. N. Iyer, S. M. Wu, E. R. Holz, and W. F. Mieler
Intravitreal moxifloxacin: retinal safety study with electroretinography and histopathology in animal models.
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
April 1, 2006;
47(4):
1606 - 1611.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Nikonov, R. Kholodenko, J. Lem, and E. N. Pugh Jr.
Physiological Features of the S- and M-cone Photoreceptors of Wild-type Mice from Single-cell Recordings
J. Gen. Physiol.,
March 27, 2006;
127(4):
359 - 374.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. A. Hancock, C. Guidry, R. W. Read, E. L. Ready, and T. W. Kraft
Acute Aminoglycoside Retinal Toxicity In Vivo and In Vitro
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
December 1, 2005;
46(12):
4804 - 4808.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S Nymark, H Heikkinen, C Haldin, K Donner, and A Koskelainen
Light responses and light adaptation in rat retinal rods at different temperatures
J. Physiol.,
September 15, 2005;
567(3):
923 - 938.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. L. Daniele, C. Lillo, A. L. Lyubarsky, S. S. Nikonov, N. Philp, A. J. Mears, A. Swaroop, D. S. Williams, and E. N. Pugh Jr
Cone-like Morphological, Molecular, and Electrophysiological Features of the Photoreceptors of the Nrl Knockout Mouse
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
June 1, 2005;
46(6):
2156 - 2167.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Hansen and A. B. Fulton
Recovery of the Rod Photoresponse in Infants
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
February 1, 2005;
46(2):
764 - 768.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Phipps, E. L. Fletcher, and A. J. Vingrys
Paired-Flash Identification of Rod and Cone Dysfunction in the Diabetic Rat
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
December 1, 2004;
45(12):
4592 - 4600.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Solessio, D. Scheraga, G. A. Engbretson, B. E. Knox, and R. B. Barlow
Circadian Modulation of Temporal Properties of the Rod Pathway in Larval Xenopus
J Neurophysiol,
November 1, 2004;
92(5):
2672 - 2684.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Gao, M. E. Pennesi, K. Shah, X. Qiao, S. M. Hariprasad, W. F. Mieler, S. M. Wu, and E. R. Holz
Intravitreal Voriconazole: An Electroretinographic and Histopathologic Study
Arch Ophthalmol,
November 1, 2004;
122(11):
1687 - 1692.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Fliesler, N. S. Peachey, M. J. Richards, B. A. Nagel, and D. K. Vaughan
Retinal Degeneration in a Rodent Model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome: Electrophysiologic, Biochemical, and Morphologic Features
Arch Ophthalmol,
August 1, 2004;
122(8):
1190 - 1200.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D.-Y. Yu, S. Cringle, K. Valter, N. Walsh, D. Lee, and J. Stone
Photoreceptor Death, Trophic Factor Expression, Retinal Oxygen Status, and Photoreceptor Function in the P23H Rat
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
June 1, 2004;
45(6):
2013 - 2019.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. A. Hancock and T. W. Kraft
Oscillatory Potential Analysis and ERGs of Normal and Diabetic Rats
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
March 1, 2004;
45(3):
1002 - 1008.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. R. Elias, R. M. Hansen, M. Irons, N. B. Quinn, and A. B. Fulton
Rod Photoreceptor Responses in Children With Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome
Arch Ophthalmol,
December 1, 2003;
121(12):
1738 - 1743.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Krispel, C.-K. Chen, M. I. Simon, and M. E. Burns
Novel Form of Adaptation in Mouse Retinal Rods Speeds Recovery of Phototransduction
J. Gen. Physiol.,
November 24, 2003;
122(6):
703 - 712.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Liu, A. Lyubarsky, J. H. Skalet, E. N. Pugh Jr, and E. A. Pierce
RP1 Is Required for the Correct Stacking of Outer Segment Discs
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
October 1, 2003;
44(10):
4171 - 4183.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Krispel, C.-K. Chen, M. I. Simon, and M. E. Burns
Prolonged Photoresponses and Defective Adaptation in Rods of G{beta}5-/- Mice
J. Neurosci.,
August 6, 2003;
23(18):
6965 - 6971.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Pennesi, K. A. Howes, W. Baehr, and S. M. Wu
Guanylate cyclase-activating protein (GCAP) 1 rescues cone recovery kinetics in GCAP1/GCAP2 knockout mice
PNAS,
May 27, 2003;
100(11):
6783 - 6788.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Kennedy, M. E. Sowa, T. G. Wensel, and J. B. Hurley
Acceleration of Key Reactions as a Strategy to Elucidate the Rate-Limiting Chemistry Underlying Phototransduction Inactivation
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
March 1, 2003;
44(3):
1016 - 1022.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Pennesi, J.-H. Cho, Z. Yang, S. H. Wu, J. Zhang, S. M. Wu, and M.-J. Tsai
BETA2/NeuroD1 Null Mice: A New Model for Transcription Factor-Dependent Photoreceptor Degeneration
J. Neurosci.,
January 15, 2003;
23(2):
453 - 461.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Rohrer, P. Goletz, S. Znoiko, Z. Ablonczy, J.-x. Ma, T. M. Redmond, and R. K. Crouch
Correlation of Regenerable Opsin with Rod ERG Signal in Rpe65-/- Mice during Development and Aging
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
January 1, 2003;
44(1):
310 - 315.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M Saszik, J. G Robson, and L. J Frishman
The scotopic threshold response of the dark-adapted electroretinogram of the mouse
J. Physiol.,
September 15, 2002;
543(3):
899 - 916.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. G. Jeffrey, D. C. Mitchell, R. A. Gibson, and M. Neuringer
n-3 Fatty Acid Deficiency Alters Recovery of the Rod Photoresponse in Rhesus Monkeys
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
August 1, 2002;
43(8):
2806 - 2814.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. L. Cooper, R. M. Hansen, B. T. Darras, M. Korson, F. E. Dougherty, J. M. Shoffner, and A. B. Fulton
Rod Photoreceptor Function in Children With Mitochondrial Disorders
Arch Ophthalmol,
August 1, 2002;
120(8):
1055 - 1062.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Strettoi, V. Porciatti, B. Falsini, V. Pignatelli, and C. Rossi
Morphological and Functional Abnormalities in the Inner Retina of the rd/rd Mouse
J. Neurosci.,
July 1, 2002;
22(13):
5492 - 5504.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Dhingra, M. Jiang, T.-L. Wang, A. Lyubarsky, A. Savchenko, T. Bar-Yehuda, P. Sterling, L. Birnbaumer, and N. Vardi
Light Response of Retinal ON Bipolar Cells Requires a Specific Splice Variant of Galpha o
J. Neurosci.,
June 15, 2002;
22(12):
4878 - 4884.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J Kang Derwent, N. M Qtaishat, and D. R Pepperberg
Excitation and desensitization of mouse rod photoreceptors in vivo following bright adapting light
J. Physiol.,
May 15, 2002;
541(1):
201 - 218.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Nir, J. M. Harrison, R. Haque, M. J. Low, D. K. Grandy, M. Rubinstein, and P. M. Iuvone
Dysfunctional Light-Evoked Regulation of cAMP in Photoreceptors and Abnormal Retinal Adaptation in Mice Lacking Dopamine D4 Receptors
J. Neurosci.,
March 15, 2002;
22(6):
2063 - 2073.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Li, R. V. Patil, and A. S. Verkman
Mildly Abnormal Retinal Function in Transgenic Mice without Muller Cell Aquaporin-4 Water Channels
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
February 1, 2002;
43(2):
573 - 579.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Ramulu, M. Kennedy, W.-H. Xiong, J. Williams, M. Cowan, D. Blesh, K.-W. Yau, J. B. Hurley, and J. Nathans
Normal Light Response, Photoreceptor Integrity, and Rhodopsin Dephosphorylation in Mice Lacking Both Protein Phosphatases with EF Hands (PPEF-1 and PPEF-2)
Mol. Cell. Biol.,
December 15, 2001;
21(24):
8605 - 8614.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. Sieving, M. L. Fowler, R. A. Bush, S. Machida, P. D. Calvert, D. G. Green, C. L. Makino, and C. L. McHenry
Constitutive "Light" Adaptation in Rods from G90D Rhodopsin: A Mechanism for Human Congenital Nightblindness without Rod Cell Loss
J. Neurosci.,
August 1, 2001;
21(15):
5449 - 5460.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A Silva, J. R Hetling, and D. R Pepperberg
Dynamic and steady-state light adaptation of mouse rod photoreceptors in vivo
J. Physiol.,
July 1, 2001;
534(1):
203 - 216.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C Friedburg, M M Thomas, and T D Lamb
Time course of the flash response of dark- and light-adapted human rod photoreceptors derived from the electroretinogram
J. Physiol.,
July 1, 2001;
534(1):
217 - 242.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Dhingra, A. Lyubarsky, M. Jiang, E. N. Pugh Jr, L. Birnbaumer, P. Sterling, and N. Vardi
The Light Response of ON Bipolar Neurons Requires G{alpha}o
J. Neurosci.,
December 15, 2000;
20(24):
9053 - 9058.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. D. Calvert, N. V. Krasnoperova, A. L. Lyubarsky, T. Isayama, M. Nicoló, B. Kosaras, G. Wong, K. S. Gannon, R. F. Margolskee, R. L. Sidman, et al.
Phototransduction in transgenic mice after targeted deletion of the rod transducin alpha -subunit
PNAS,
November 22, 2000;
(2000)
250478897.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. Lyubarsky, C.-K. Chen, M. I. Simon, and E. N. Pugh Jr
Mice Lacking G-Protein Receptor Kinase 1 Have Profoundly Slowed Recovery of Cone-Driven Retinal Responses
J. Neurosci.,
March 15, 2000;
20(6):
2209 - 2217.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Rohrer, J. I. Korenbrot, M. M. LaVail, L. F. Reichardt, and B. Xu
Role of Neurotrophin Receptor TrkB in the Maturation of Rod Photoreceptors and Establishment of Synaptic Transmission to the Inner Retina
J. Neurosci.,
October 15, 1999;
19(20):
8919 - 8930.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Mou, H. J. Grazio III, T. A. Cook, J. A. Beavo, and R. H. Cote
cGMP Binding to Noncatalytic Sites on Mammalian Rod Photoreceptor Phosphodiesterase Is Regulated by Binding of Its gamma and delta Subunits
J. Biol. Chem.,
June 25, 1999;
274(26):
18813 - 18820.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T.-L. Wang, P. Sterling, and N. Vardi
Localization of Type I Inositol 1,4,5-Triphosphate Receptor in the Outer Segments of Mammalian Cones
J. Neurosci.,
June 1, 1999;
19(11):
4221 - 4228.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R Hetling and D. R Pepperberg
Sensitivity and kinetics of mouse rod flash responses determined in vivo from paired-flash electroretinograms
J. Physiol.,
April 15, 1999;
516(2):
593 - 609.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. Lyubarsky, B. Falsini, M. E. Pennesi, P. Valentini, and E. N. Pugh Jr
UV- and Midwave-Sensitive Cone-Driven Retinal Responses of the Mouse: A Possible Phenotype for Coexpression of Cone Photopigments
J. Neurosci.,
January 1, 1999;
19(1):
442 - 455.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Tsang, M. E. Burns, P. D. Calvert, P. Gouras, D. A. Baylor, S. P. Goff, and V. Y. Arshavsky
Role for the Target Enzyme in Deactivation of Photoreceptor G Protein in Vivo
Science,
October 2, 1998;
282(5386):
117 - 121.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. N. Van Den Pol, V. Cao, and H. C. Heller
Circadian system of mice integrates brief light stimuli
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol,
August 1, 1998;
275(2):
R654 - R657.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. V. Cideciyan, X. Zhao, L. Nielsen, S. C. Khani, S. G. Jacobson, and K. Palczewski
Null mutation in the rhodopsin kinase gene slows recovery kinetics of rod and cone phototransduction in man
PNAS,
January 6, 1998;
95(1):
328 - 333.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Cheng, N. S. Peachey, S. Li, Y. Goto, Y. Cao, and M. I. Naash
The Effect of Peripherin/rds Haploinsufficiency on Rod and Cone Photoreceptors
J. Neurosci.,
November 1, 1997;
17(21):
8118 - 8128.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Jiang, A. Lyubarsky, R. Dodd, N. Vardi, E. Pugh, D. Baylor, M. I. Simon, and D. Wu
Phospholipase C beta 4 is involved in modulating the visual response in mice
PNAS,
December 10, 1996;
93(25):
14598 - 14601.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. P. Skiba, J. A. Hopp, and V. Y. Arshavsky
The Effector Enzyme Regulates the Duration of G Protein Signaling in Vertebrate Photoreceptors by Increasing the Affinity between Transducin and RGS Protein
J. Biol. Chem.,
October 13, 2000;
275(42):
32716 - 32720.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. D. Calvert, N. V. Krasnoperova, A. L. Lyubarsky, T. Isayama, M. Nicolo, B. Kosaras, G. Wong, K. S. Gannon, R. F. Margolskee, R. L. Sidman, et al.
Phototransduction in transgenic mice after targeted deletion of the rod transducin alpha -subunit
PNAS,
December 5, 2000;
97(25):
13913 - 13918.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
