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Volume 17, Number 13,
Issue of July 1, 1997
pp. 5046-5061
Copyright ©1997 Society for Neuroscience
Cellular Composition and Three-Dimensional Organization of the
Subventricular Germinal Zone in the Adult Mammalian Brain
Received Dec. 23, 1996; revised March 19, 1997; accepted April 15, 1997.
Fiona Doetsch1,
Jose
Manuel García-Verdugo2, and
Arturo Alvarez-Buylla1
1 The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, and 2 Universidad de Valencia, Burjasot-46100, Valencia,
Spain
The adult mammalian subventricular zone (SVZ) contains stem
cells that give rise to neurons and glia. In vivo, SVZ
progeny migrate 3-8 mm to the olfactory bulb, where they form neurons. We show here that the SVZ of the lateral wall of the lateral ventricles in adult mice is composed of neuroblasts, glial cells, and a novel putative precursor cell. The topographical organization of these cells
suggests how neurogenesis and migration are integrated in this region.
Type A cells had the ultrastructure of migrating neuronal precursors.
These cells were arranged as chains parallel to the walls of the
ventricle and were polysialylated neural adhesion cell molecule-
(PSA-NCAM), TuJ1- ( -tubulin), and nestin-positive but GFAP- and
vimentin-negative. Chains of Type A cells were ensheathed by two
ultrastructurally distinct astrocytes (Type B1 and B2) that were GFAP-,
vimentin-, and nestin-positive but PSA-NCAM- and TuJ1-negative. Type A
and B2 (but not B1) cells incorporated [3H]thymidine. The most actively dividing cell in
the SVZ corresponded to Type C cells, which had immature
ultrastructural characteristics and were nestin-positive but negative
to the other markers. Type C cells formed focal clusters closely
associated with chains of Type A cells. Whereas Type C cells were
present throughout the SVZ, they were not found in the rostral
migratory stream that links the SVZ with the olfactory bulb. These
results suggest that chains of migrating neuroblasts in the SVZ may be
derived from Type C cells. Our results provide a topographical model
for the adult SVZ and should serve as a basis for the in
vivo identification of stem cells in the adult mammalian
brain.
Key words:
subventricular zone;
subependymal zone;
neurogenesis;
stem cells;
ultrastructure;
tangential migration;
chain migration;
astrocytes;
ependyma
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Neurogenesis in the Adult Ischemic Brain: Generation, Migration, Survival, and Restorative Therapy
Neuroscientist,
October 1, 2005;
11(5):
408 - 416.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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M. Maekawa, N. Takashima, Y. Arai, T. Nomura, K. Inokuchi, S. Yuasa, and N. Osumi
Pax6 is required for production and maintenance of progenitor cells in postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis
Genes Cells,
October 1, 2005;
10(10):
1001 - 1014.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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C. A. G. Marshall, B. G. Novitch, and J. E. Goldman
Olig2 Directs Astrocyte and Oligodendrocyte Formation in Postnatal Subventricular Zone Cells
J. Neurosci.,
August 10, 2005;
25(32):
7289 - 7298.
[Abstract]
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[PDF]
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C. Estrada and M. Murillo-Carretero
Nitric Oxide and Adult Neurogenesis in Health and Disease
Neuroscientist,
August 1, 2005;
11(4):
294 - 307.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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M. Kohwi, N. Osumi, J. L. R. Rubenstein, and A. Alvarez-Buylla
Pax6 Is Required for Making Specific Subpopulations of Granule and Periglomerular Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb
J. Neurosci.,
July 27, 2005;
25(30):
6997 - 7003.
[Abstract]
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B. Scheffler, N. M. Walton, D. D. Lin, A. K. Goetz, G. Enikolopov, S. N. Roper, and D. A. Steindler
Phenotypic and functional characterization of adult brain neuropoiesis
PNAS,
June 28, 2005;
102(26):
9353 - 9358.
[Abstract]
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T.-W. Wang, H. Zhang, and J. M. Parent
Retinoic acid regulates postnatal neurogenesis in the murine subventricular zone-olfactory bulb pathway
Development,
June 15, 2005;
132(12):
2721 - 2732.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. M. Wang, P. B. Johnston, B. G. Ball, and R. D. Brinton
The Neurosteroid Allopregnanolone Promotes Proliferation of Rodent and Human Neural Progenitor Cells and Regulates Cell-Cycle Gene and Protein Expression
J. Neurosci.,
May 11, 2005;
25(19):
4706 - 4718.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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D. N. Abrous, M. Koehl, and M. Le Moal
Adult Neurogenesis: From Precursors to Network and Physiology
Physiol Rev,
April 1, 2005;
85(2):
523 - 569.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R. Feuer, R. R. Pagarigan, S. Harkins, F. Liu, I. P. Hunziker, and J. L. Whitton
Coxsackievirus Targets Proliferating Neuronal Progenitor Cells in the Neonatal CNS
J. Neurosci.,
March 2, 2005;
25(9):
2434 - 2444.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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A. Liu, C. Stadelmann, M. Moscarello, W. Bruck, A. Sobel, F. G. Mastronardi, and P. Casaccia-Bonnefil
Expression of Stathmin, a Developmentally Controlled Cytoskeleton-Regulating Molecule, in Demyelinating Disorders
J. Neurosci.,
January 19, 2005;
25(3):
737 - 747.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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N. Spassky, F. T. Merkle, N. Flames, A. D. Tramontin, J. M. Garcia-Verdugo, and A. Alvarez-Buylla
Adult Ependymal Cells Are Postmitotic and Are Derived from Radial Glial Cells during Embryogenesis
J. Neurosci.,
January 5, 2005;
25(1):
10 - 18.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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P.-M. Lledo, G. Gheusi, and J.-D. Vincent
Information Processing in the Mammalian Olfactory System
Physiol Rev,
January 1, 2005;
85(1):
281 - 317.
[Abstract]
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[PDF]
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F. T. Merkle, A. D. Tramontin, J. M. Garcia-Verdugo, and A. Alvarez-Buylla
Radial glia give rise to adult neural stem cells in the subventricular zone
PNAS,
December 14, 2004;
101(50):
17528 - 17532.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. M. Soria, P. Taglialatela, S. Gil-Perotin, R. Galli, A. Gritti, J. M. G. Verdugo, and S. Bertuzzi
Defective Postnatal Neurogenesis and Disorganization of the Rostral Migratory Stream in Absence of the Vax1 Homeobox Gene
J. Neurosci.,
December 8, 2004;
24(49):
11171 - 11181.
[Abstract]
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[PDF]
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J. Chen, S. S. P. Magavi, and J. D. Macklis
Neurogenesis of corticospinal motor neurons extending spinal projections in adult mice
PNAS,
November 16, 2004;
101(46):
16357 - 16362.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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E. Enwere, T. Shingo, C. Gregg, H. Fujikawa, S. Ohta, and S. Weiss
Aging Results in Reduced Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling, Diminished Olfactory Neurogenesis, and Deficits in Fine Olfactory Discrimination
J. Neurosci.,
September 22, 2004;
24(38):
8354 - 8365.
[Abstract]
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[PDF]
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A. J. Bolteus and A. Bordey
GABA Release and Uptake Regulate Neuronal Precursor Migration in the Postnatal Subventricular Zone
J. Neurosci.,
September 1, 2004;
24(35):
7623 - 7631.
[Abstract]
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[PDF]
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S. Ferron, H. Mira, S. Franco, M. Cano-Jaimez, E. Bellmunt, C. Ramirez, I. Farinas, and M. A. Blasco
Telomere shortening and chromosomal instability abrogates proliferation of adult but not embryonic neural stem cells
Development,
August 15, 2004;
131(16):
4059 - 4070.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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A. L. M. Ferri, M. Cavallaro, D. Braida, A. Di Cristofano, A. Canta, A. Vezzani, S. Ottolenghi, P. P. Pandolfi, M. Sala, S. DeBiasi, et al.
Sox2 deficiency causes neurodegeneration and impaired neurogenesis in the adult mouse brain
Development,
August 1, 2004;
131(15):
3805 - 3819.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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E. Garcion, A. Halilagic, A. Faissner, and C. ffrench-Constant
Generation of an environmental niche for neural stem cell development by the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin C
Development,
July 15, 2004;
131(14):
3423 - 3432.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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U. Gurok, C. Steinhoff, B. Lipkowitz, H.-H. Ropers, C. Scharff, and U. A. Nuber
Gene Expression Changes in the Course of Neural Progenitor Cell Differentiation
J. Neurosci.,
June 30, 2004;
24(26):
5982 - 6002.
[Abstract]
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A. A. Aguirre, R. Chittajallu, S. Belachew, and V. Gallo
NG2-expressing cells in the subventricular zone are type C-like cells and contribute to interneuron generation in the postnatal hippocampus
J. Cell Biol.,
May 24, 2004;
165(4):
575 - 589.
[Abstract]
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E. Chmielnicki, A. Benraiss, A. N. Economides, and S. A. Goldman
Adenovirally Expressed Noggin and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Cooperate to Induce New Medium Spiny Neurons from Resident Progenitor Cells in the Adult Striatal Ventricular Zone
J. Neurosci.,
March 3, 2004;
24(9):
2133 - 2142.
[Abstract]
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[PDF]
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A. Y. Maslov, T. A. Barone, R. J. Plunkett, and S. C. Pruitt
Neural Stem Cell Detection, Characterization, and Age-Related Changes in the Subventricular Zone of Mice
J. Neurosci.,
February 18, 2004;
24(7):
1726 - 1733.
[Abstract]
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K. T. Nguyen-Ba-Charvet, N. Picard-Riera, M. Tessier-Lavigne, A. Baron-Van Evercooren, C. Sotelo, and A. Chedotal
Multiple Roles for Slits in the Control of Cell Migration in the Rostral Migratory Stream
J. Neurosci.,
February 11, 2004;
24(6):
1497 - 1506.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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B. Moreno-Lopez, C. Romero-Grimaldi, J. A. Noval, M. Murillo-Carretero, E. R. Matarredona, and C. Estrada
Nitric Oxide Is a Physiological Inhibitor of Neurogenesis in the Adult Mouse Subventricular Zone and Olfactory Bulb
J. Neurosci.,
January 7, 2004;
24(1):
85 - 95.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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C. Gregg and S. Weiss
Generation of Functional Radial Glial Cells by Embryonic and Adult Forebrain Neural Stem Cells
J. Neurosci.,
December 17, 2003;
23(37):
11587 - 11601.
[Abstract]
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[PDF]
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C. D. Katsetos, A. Legido, E. Perentes, and S. J. Mork
Class III {beta}-Tubulin Isotype: A Key Cytoskeletal Protein at the Crossroads of Developmental Neurobiology and Tumor Neuropathology
J Child Neurol,
December 1, 2003;
18(12):
851 - 866.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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F. Luzzati, P. Peretto, P. Aimar, G. Ponti, A. Fasolo, and L. Bonfanti
Glia-independent chains of neuroblasts through the subcortical parenchyma of the adult rabbit brain
PNAS,
October 28, 2003;
100(22):
13036 - 13041.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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D. D. Wang, D. D. Krueger, and A. Bordey
Biophysical Properties and Ionic Signature of Neuronal Progenitors of the Postnatal Subventricular Zone In Situ
J Neurophysiol,
October 1, 2003;
90(4):
2291 - 2302.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R. Feuer, I. Mena, R. R. Pagarigan, S. Harkins, D. E. Hassett, and J. L. Whitton
Coxsackievirus B3 and the Neonatal CNS: The Roles of Stem Cells, Developing Neurons, and Apoptosis in Infection, Viral Dissemination, and Disease
Am. J. Pathol.,
October 1, 2003;
163(4):
1379 - 1393.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. Imitola, E. Y. Snyder, and S. J. Khoury
Genetic programs and responses of neural stem/progenitor cells during demyelination: potential insights into repair mechanisms in multiple sclerosis
Physiol Genomics,
August 15, 2003;
14(3):
171 - 197.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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M. A. Packer, Y. Stasiv, A. Benraiss, E. Chmielnicki, A. Grinberg, H. Westphal, S. A. Goldman, and G. Enikolopov
Nitric oxide negatively regulates mammalian adult neurogenesis
PNAS,
August 5, 2003;
100(16):
9566 - 9571.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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D D Wang, D D Krueger, and A Bordey
GABA Depolarizes Neuronal Progenitors of the Postnatal Subventricular Zone Via GABAA Receptor Activation
J. Physiol.,
August 1, 2003;
550(3):
785 - 800.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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D. Kaushal, J. J. A. Contos, K. Treuner, A. H. Yang, M. A. Kingsbury, S. K. Rehen, M. J. McConnell, M. Okabe, C. Barlow, and J. Chun
Alteration of Gene Expression by Chromosome Loss in the Postnatal Mouse Brain
J. Neurosci.,
July 2, 2003;
23(13):
5599 - 5606.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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T. Weissman, S. C. Noctor, B. K. Clinton, L. S. Honig, and A. R. Kriegstein
Neurogenic Radial Glial Cells in Reptile, Rodent and Human: from Mitosis to Migration
Cereb Cortex,
June 1, 2003;
13(6):
550 - 559.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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