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Volume 17, Number 16, Issue of August 15, 1997 pp. 6314-6324
Copyright ©1997 Society for Neuroscience

Afferent Innervation Influences the Development of Dendritic Branches and Spines via Both Activity-Dependent and Non-Activity-Dependent Mechanisms

Received Dec. 19, 1996; revised May 19, 1997; accepted June 4, 1997.

A. H. Kossel¹, C. V. Williams¹, M. Schweizer³, and S. B. Kater²

¹ Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, ² Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, and ³ Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, 20246 Hamburg, Germany

The present investigation uses an in vitro co-culture system to study the role of afferent innervation in early development and differentiation of hippocampal neurons. Our experiments indicate that the formation of two key morphological features, dendritic branches and dendritic spines, is induced by afferent innervation. Hippocampal neurons develop multiple dendritic branches and spines only when extensively innervated by living axonal afferents. No morphological changes occurred when hippocampal neurons were plated on other cell surfaces such as fixed axons or astrocytes. Furthermore, afferents exerted their effect locally on individual dendrites that they contacted. When one portion of the dendritic arbor of a neuron was contacted by afferents and the other portion was not, morphological effects were restricted to the innervated dendrites. Innervation of some of the dendrites on a neuron did not produce global effects throughout the neuron. Afferent-induced dendritic branching is independent of activity, since branch induction was unaffected by chronic application of TTX or glutamate receptor blockers. In contrast, the formation of dendritic spines is influenced by activity. The number of developing spines was reduced when TTX or a cocktail of three glutamate receptor blockers was applied. Blockade of individual AMPA, NMDA, or metabotropic glutamate receptors did not affect the number of spines. These results, taken together, demonstrate that afferents can have a prominent influence on the development of postsynaptic target cells via both activity-dependent and non-activity-dependent mechanisms, indicating the presence of multiple signals. Accordingly, this suggests an important interplay between pre- and postsynaptic elements early in development.

Key words: spines; dendrites; branches; glutamate receptors; activity; hippocampus; development

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