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Volume 17, Number 19,
Issue of October 1, 1997
pp. 7252-7266
Copyright ©1997 Society for Neuroscience
Action Potential-Dependent Regulation of Gene Expression:
Temporal Specificity in Ca2+, cAMP-Responsive Element
Binding Proteins, and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling
Received May 28, 1997; revised July 14, 1997; accepted July 16, 1997.
R. Douglas Fields,
Feleke Eshete,
Beth Stevens, and
Kouichi Itoh
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
Specific patterns of neural impulses regulate genes controlling
nervous system development and plasticity, but it is not known how
intracellular signaling cascades and transcriptional activation mechanisms can regulate specific genes in response to specific patterns
of action potentials. Studies using electrical stimulation of mouse
dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture show that the temporal dynamics
of intracellular signaling pathways are an important factor. Expression
of c-fos varied inversely with the interval between
repeated bursts of action potentials. Transcription was not dependent
on a large or sustained increase in intracellular Ca2+, and high Ca2+ levels
separated by long interburst intervals (5 min) produced minimal
increases in c-fos expression. Levels of the
transcription factor cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB),
phosphorylated at Ser-133, increased rapidly in response to brief
action potential stimulation but remained at high levels several
minutes after an action potential burst. These kinetics limited the
fidelity with which P-CREB could follow different patterns of action
potentials, and P-CREB levels were not well correlated with
c-fos expression. The extracellular-regulated kinase
(ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) also were
stimulated by action potentials of appropriate temporal patterns.
Bursts of action potentials separated by long intervals (5 min) did not
activate MAPK effectively, but they did increase CREB phosphorylation.
This was a consequence of the more rapid dephosphorylation of MAPK in
comparison to CREB. High expression of c-fos was
dependent on the combined activation of the MAPK pathway and
phosphorylation of CREB. These observations show that temporal features
of action potentials (and associated Ca2+
transients) regulate expression of neuronal genes by activating specific intracellular signaling pathways with appropriate temporal dynamics.
Key words:
CREB phosphorylation;
calcium;
c-fos;
signal transduction;
activity-dependent plasticity;
LTP;
MAP kinase;
SRE
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