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The Journal of Neuroscience, January 1, 1998, 18(1):411-418
Masked Presentations of Emotional Facial Expressions Modulate
Amygdala Activity without Explicit Knowledge
Paul J.
Whalen,
Scott L.
Rauch,
Nancy L.
Etcoff,
Sean C.
McInerney,
Michael B.
Lee, and
Michael A.
Jenike
Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research Group and Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, Boston, MA 02115
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the human brain was
used to study whether the amygdala is activated in response to
emotional stimuli, even in the absence of explicit knowledge that such
stimuli were presented. Pictures of human faces bearing fearful or
happy expressions were presented to 10 normal, healthy subjects by
using a backward masking procedure that resulted in 8 of 10 subjects
reporting that they had not seen these facial expressions. The backward
masking procedure consisted of 33 msec presentations of fearful or
happy facial expressions, their offset coincident with the onset of 167 msec presentations of neutral facial expressions. Although subjects
reported seeing only neutral faces, blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD)
fMRI signal in the amygdala was significantly higher during viewing of
masked fearful faces than during the viewing of masked happy faces.
This difference was composed of significant signal increases in the
amygdala to masked fearful faces as well as significant signal
decreases to masked happy faces, consistent with the notion that the
level of amygdala activation is affected differentially by the
emotional valence of external stimuli. In addition, these facial
expressions activated the sublenticular substantia innominata (SI),
where signal increases were observed to both fearful and happy
faces suggesting a spatial dissociation of territories that respond to
emotional valence versus salience or arousal value. This study, using
fMRI in conjunction with masked stimulus presentations, represents an
initial step toward determining the role of the amygdala in nonconscious processing.
Key words:
amygdala; extended amygdala; substantia innominata; nucleus basalis of Meynert; bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; emotion; facial expression; backward masking; awareness; fMRI; neuroimaging
Copyright © 1998 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/98/181411-08$05.00/0
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