WWW.JNEUROSCI.ORG
-
The Journal of Neuroscience
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     
-


HOME  |   SEARCH  |   ARCHIVE  |   SUBSCRIBE  |   CONTACT  |   HELP
This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit an eLetter
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Web of Science (271)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Horvath, T. L.
Right arrow Articles by van den Pol, A. N.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Horvath, T. L.
Right arrow Articles by van den Pol, A. N.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

The Journal of Neuroscience, February 1, 1999, 19(3):1072-1087

Synaptic Interaction between Hypocretin (Orexin) and Neuropeptide Y Cells in the Rodent and Primate Hypothalamus: A Novel Circuit Implicated in Metabolic and Endocrine Regulations

Tamas L. Horvath1, Sabrina Diano1, and Anthony N. van den Pol2

Departments of 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology and 2 Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520

Hypocretin (orexin) has recently been shown to increase feeding when injected into the brain. Using both rat and primate brains, we tested the hypothesis that a mechanism of hypocretin action might be related to synaptic regulation of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) system. Hypocretin-immunoreactive terminals originating from the lateral hypothalamus make direct synaptic contact with neurons of the arcuate nucleus that not only express NPY but also contain leptin receptors. In addition, hypocretin-containing neurons also express leptin receptor immunoreactivity. This suggests a potential mechanism of action for hypocretin in the central regulation of metabolic and endocrine processes. The excitatory actions of hypocretin could increase NPY release, resulting in enhanced feeding behavior and altered endocrine regulation, whereas leptin, released from adipose tissue as an indicator of fat stores, would have the opposite effect on the same neurons, leading to a decrease in NPY and NPY-mediated hypothalamic functions. On the other hand, the innervation of hypocretin cells by NPY boutons raises the possibility that NPY may exert an effect on hypothalamic functions, at least in part, via mediation or feedback action on these lateral hypothalamic cells. Our data indicate that a direct interaction between leptin, hypocretin, and NPY exists in the hypothalamus that may contribute to the central regulation of metabolic and endocrine processes in both rodents and primates.

Key words: hypocretin; orexin; neuropeptide Y; leptin receptor; synapse; hypothalamus; feeding; endocrine regulations

Copyright © 1999 Society for Neuroscience  0270-6474/99/1931072-16$05.00/0


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 DiabetesHome page
C.-X. Yi, M. J. Serlie, M. T. Ackermans, E. Foppen, R. M. Buijs, H. P. Sauerwein, E. Fliers, and A. Kalsbeek
A Major Role for Perifornical Orexin Neurons in the Control of Glucose Metabolism in Rats
Diabetes, September 1, 2009; 58(9): 1998 - 2005.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
C. Acuna-Goycolea and A. N. van den Pol
Neuroendocrine Proopiomelanocortin Neurons Are Excited by Hypocretin/Orexin
J. Neurosci., February 4, 2009; 29(5): 1503 - 1513.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
D. F. Doane, M. A. Lawson, J. R. Meade, C. M. Kotz, and J. L. Beverly
Orexin-induced feeding requires NMDA receptor activation in the perifornical region of the lateral hypothalamus
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): R1022 - R1026.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
H. Huang, C. Acuna-Goycolea, Y. Li, H. M. Cheng, K. Obrietan, and A. N. van den Pol
Cannabinoids Excite Hypothalamic Melanin-Concentrating Hormone But Inhibit Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons: Implications for Cannabinoid Actions on Food Intake and Cognitive Arousal
J. Neurosci., May 2, 2007; 27(18): 4870 - 4881.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Reproductive SciencesHome page
F. Naftolin, L. M. Garcia-Segura, T. L. Horvath, A. Zsarnovszky, N. Demir, A. Fadiel, C. Leranth, S. Vondracek-Klepper, C. Lewis, A. Chang, et al.
Estrogen-Induced Hypothalamic Synaptic Plasticity and Pituitary Sensitization in the Control of the Estrogen-Induced Gonadotrophin Surge
Reproductive Sciences, February 1, 2007; 14(2): 101 - 116.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
E. F. Gluck, N. Stephens, and S. J. Swoap
Peripheral ghrelin deepens torpor bouts in mice through the arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y signaling pathway
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2006; 291(5): R1303 - R1309.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
B. E. Levin
Orexins: neuropeptides for all seasons and functions
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2006; 291(4): R885 - R888.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
P. J. Brunton, J. Bales, and J. A. Russell
Neuroendocrine Stress But Not Feeding Responses to Centrally Administered Neuropeptide Y Are Suppressed in Pregnant Rats
Endocrinology, August 1, 2006; 147(8): 3737 - 3745.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
E. Szentirmai and J. M. Krueger
Central administration of neuropeptide Y induces wakefulness in rats
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2006; 291(2): R473 - R480.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Phil Trans R Soc BHome page
B Beck
Neuropeptide Y in normal eating and in genetic and dietary-induced obesity
Phil Trans R Soc B, July 29, 2006; 361(1471): 1159 - 1185.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Pharmacol. Rev.Home page
R. Spinazzi, P. G. Andreis, G. P. Rossi, and G. G. Nussdorfer
Orexins in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 2006; 58(1): 46 - 57.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. M. Novak, C. M. Kotz, and J. A. Levine
Central orexin sensitivity, physical activity, and obesity in diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, February 1, 2006; 290(2): E396 - E403.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
C. Acuna-Goycolea and A. N. van den Pol
Peptide YY3-36 Inhibits Both Anorexigenic Proopiomelanocortin and Orexigenic Neuropeptide Y Neurons: Implications for Hypothalamic Regulation of Energy Homeostasis
J. Neurosci., November 9, 2005; 25(45): 10510 - 10519.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
K. Takakusaki, K. Takahashi, K. Saitoh, H. Harada, T. Okumura, Y. Kayama, and Y. Koyama
Orexinergic projections to the cat midbrain mediate alternation of emotional behavioural states from locomotion to cataplexy
J. Physiol., November 1, 2005; 568(3): 1003 - 1020.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Physiol. Rev.Home page
S. Stanley, K. Wynne, B. McGowan, and S. Bloom
Hormonal Regulation of Food Intake
Physiol Rev, October 1, 2005; 85(4): 1131 - 1158.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Exp PhysiolHome page
M. S Montanaro, A. M Allen, and B. J Oldfield
Structural and functional evidence supporting a role for leptin in central neural pathways influencing blood pressure in rats
Exp Physiol, September 1, 2005; 90(5): 689 - 696.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
A. J. Thorpe, J. A. Teske, and C. M. Kotz
Orexin A-induced feeding is augmented by caloric challenge
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2005; 289(2): R367 - R372.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
K. Wynne, S. Stanley, B. McGowan, and S. Bloom
Appetite control
J. Endocrinol., February 1, 2005; 184(2): 291 - 318.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
R. Winsky-Sommerer, A. Yamanaka, S. Diano, E. Borok, A. J. Roberts, T. Sakurai, T. S. Kilduff, T. L. Horvath, and L. de Lecea
Interaction between the Corticotropin-Releasing Factor System and Hypocretins (Orexins): A Novel Circuit Mediating Stress Response
J. Neurosci., December 15, 2004; 24(50): 11439 - 11448.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
L.-Y. Fu, C. Acuna-Goycolea, and A. N. van den Pol
Neuropeptide Y Inhibits Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons by Multiple Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Mechanisms: Tonic Depression of the Hypothalamic Arousal System
J. Neurosci., October 6, 2004; 24(40): 8741 - 8751.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 NeuroscientistHome page
T. L. Horvath, S. Diano, and M. Tschop
Brain Circuits Regulating Energy Homeostasis
Neuroscientist, June 1, 2004; 10(3): 235 - 246.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
C. Leranth, J. Prange-Kiel, K. M. Frick, and T. L. Horvath
Low CA1 Spine Synapse Density is Further Reduced by Castration in Male Non-human Primates
Cereb Cortex, May 1, 2004; 14(5): 503 - 510.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
M. Wu, L. Zaborszky, T. Hajszan, A. N. van den Pol, and M. Alreja
Hypocretin/Orexin Innervation and Excitation of Identified Septohippocampal Cholinergic Neurons
J. Neurosci., April 7, 2004; 24(14): 3527 - 3536.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ScienceHome page
S. Pinto, A. G. Roseberry, H. Liu, S. Diano, M. Shanabrough, X. Cai, J. M. Friedman, and T. L. Horvath
Rapid Rewiring of Arcuate Nucleus Feeding Circuits by Leptin
Science, April 2, 2004; 304(5667): 110 - 115.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Exp Biol MedHome page
L. L. Anderson, S. Jeftinija, and C. G. Scanes
Growth Hormone Secretion: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms and In Vivo Approaches
Exp Biol Med, April 1, 2004; 229(4): 291 - 302.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Exp Biol MedHome page
Y. Ueta, Y. Ozaki, J. Saito, and T. Onaka
Involvement of Novel Feeding-Related Peptides in Neuroendocrine Response to Stress
Exp Biol Med, November 1, 2003; 228(10): 1168 - 1174.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
S. Diano, B. Horvath, H. F. Urbanski, P. Sotonyi, and T. L. Horvath
Fasting Activates the Nonhuman Primate Hypocretin (Orexin) System and Its Postsynaptic Targets
Endocrinology, September 1, 2003; 144(9): 3774 - 3778.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
C. J. Small, M.-L. Goubillon, J. F. Murray, A. Siddiqui, S. E. Grimshaw, H. Young, V. Sivanesan, T. Kalamatianos, A. R. Kennedy, C. W. Coen, et al.
Central Orexin A Has Site-Specific Effects on Luteinizing Hormone Release in Female Rats
Endocrinology, July 1, 2003; 144(7): 3225 - 3236.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
D. Burdakov, B. Liss, and F. M. Ashcroft
Orexin Excites GABAergic Neurons of the Arcuate Nucleus by Activating the Sodium--Calcium Exchanger
J. Neurosci., June 15, 2003; 23(12): 4951 - 4957.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
A. J. Thorpe, M. A. Mullett, C. Wang, and C. M. Kotz
Peptides that Regulate Food Intake: Regional, metabolic, and circadian specificity of lateral hypothalamic orexin A feeding stimulation
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, June 1, 2003; 284(6): R1409 - R1417.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
G. Grabauskas and H. C Moises
Gastrointestinal-projecting neurones in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus exhibit direct and viscerotopically organized sensitivity to orexin
J. Physiol., May 15, 2003; 549(1): 37 - 56.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
K. Toshinai, Y. Date, N. Murakami, M. Shimada, M. S. Mondal, T. Shimbara, J.-L. Guan, Q.-P. Wang, H. Funahashi, T. Sakurai, et al.
Ghrelin-Induced Food Intake Is Mediated via the Orexin Pathway
Endocrinology, April 1, 2003; 144(4): 1506 - 1512.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
R. E. Campbell, K. L. Grove, and M. S. Smith
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons Coexpress Orexin 1 Receptor Immunoreactivity and Receive Direct Contacts by Orexin Fibers
Endocrinology, April 1, 2003; 144(4): 1542 - 1548.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
T. Matsumura, M. Nakayama, H. Satoh, A. Naito, K. Kamahara, and K. Sekizawa
Plasma Orexin-A Levels and Body Composition in COPD
Chest, April 1, 2003; 123(4): 1060 - 1065.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
T. Shirasaka, M. Takasaki, and H. Kannan
Cardiovascular effects of leptin and orexins
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2003; 284(3): R639 - R651.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
R. E. Campbell, M. S. Smith, S. E. Allen, B. E. Grayson, J. M. H. ffrench-Mullen, and K. L. Grove
Orexin Neurons Express a Functional Pancreatic Polypeptide Y4 Receptor
J. Neurosci., February 15, 2003; 23(4): 1487 - 1497.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. M. Taylor and W. K. Samson
The other side of the orexins: endocrine and metabolic actions
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2003; 284(1): E13 - E17.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
I. J. Clarke, A. Rao, Y. Chilliard, C. Delavaud, and G. A. Lincoln
Photoperiod effects on gene expression for hypothalamic appetite-regulating peptides and food intake in the ram
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2003; 284(1): R101 - R115.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
M. J Follwell and A. V Ferguson
Cellular mechanisms of orexin actions on paraventricular nucleus neurones in rat hypothalamus
J. Physiol., December 15, 2002; 545(3): 855 - 867.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
J. P. Kukkonen, T. Holmqvist, S. Ammoun, and K. E. O. Akerman
Functions of the orexinergic/hypocretinergic system
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 2002; 283(6): C1567 - C1591.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
T. M. Reyes and P. E. Sawchenko
Involvement of the Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus in Interleukin-1-Induced Anorexia
J. Neurosci., June 15, 2002; 22(12): 5091 - 5099.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
M.-C. Xi, S. J. Fung, J. Yamuy, F. R. Morales, and M. H. Chase
Induction of Active (REM) Sleep and Motor Inhibition by Hypocretin in the Nucleus Pontis Oralis of the Cat
J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2002; 87(6): 2880 - 2888.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
A. L. Kirchgessner
Orexins in the Brain-Gut Axis
Endocr. Rev., February 1, 2002; 23(1): 1 - 15.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
C. B. Lawrence, A. C. Snape, F. M.-H. Baudoin, and S. M. Luckman
Acute Central Ghrelin and GH Secretagogues Induce Feeding and Activate Brain Appetite Centers
Endocrinology, January 1, 2002; 143(1): 155 - 162.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
A. N. Nathoo, R. A. Moeller, B. A. Westlund, and A. C. Hart
Identification of neuropeptide-like protein gene families in Caenorhabditiselegans and other species
PNAS, November 20, 2001; 98(24): 14000 - 14005.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
H. S. Randeva, E. Karteris, D. Grammatopoulos, and E. W. Hillhouse
Expression of Orexin-A and Functional Orexin Type 2 Receptors in the Human Adult Adrenals: Implications for Adrenal Function and Energy Homeostasis
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2001; 86(10): 4808 - 4813.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
T. L. Horvath, S. Diano, P. Sotonyi, M. Heiman, and M. Tschop
Minireview: Ghrelin and the Regulation of Energy Balance--A Hypothalamic Perspective
Endocrinology, October 1, 2001; 142(10): 4163 - 4169.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
W. K. Samson and M. M. Taylor
Hypocretin/orexin suppresses corticotroph responsiveness in vitro
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2001; 281(4): R1140 - R1145.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
D. Gerashchenko, M. D. Kohls, M. Greco, N. S. Waleh, R. Salin-Pascual, T. S. Kilduff, D. A. Lappi, and P. J. Shiromani
Hypocretin-2-Saporin Lesions of the Lateral Hypothalamus Produce Narcoleptic-Like Sleep Behavior in the Rat
J. Neurosci., September 15, 2001; 21(18): 7273 - 7283.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
K. Pacak and M. Palkovits
Stressor Specificity of Central Neuroendocrine Responses: Implications for Stress-Related Disorders
Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2001; 22(4): 502 - 548.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Biol. Reprod.Home page
J. Lin, C. Richard Barb, R. R. Kraeling, and G. B. Rampacek
Developmental Changes in the Long Form Leptin Receptor and Related Neuropeptide Gene Expression in the Pig Brain
Biol Reprod, June 1, 2001; 64(6): 1614 - 1618.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
X.-B. Gao and A. N van den Pol
Melanin concentrating hormone depresses synaptic activity of glutamate and GABA neurons from rat lateral hypothalamus
J. Physiol., May 15, 2001; 533(1): 237 - 252.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
M. Shimizu-Albergine, D. L. Ippolito, and J. A. Beavo
Downregulation of Fasting-Induced cAMP Response Element-Mediated Gene Induction by Leptin in Neuropeptide Y Neurons of the Arcuate Nucleus
J. Neurosci., February 15, 2001; 21(4): 1238 - 1246.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
X. J. Cai, M. L. Evans, C. A. Lister, R. A. Leslie, J. R. S. Arch, S. Wilson, and G. Williams
Hypoglycemia Activates Orexin Neurons and Selectively Increases Hypothalamic Orexin-B Levels: Responses Inhibited by Feeding and Possibly Mediated by the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
Diabetes, January 1, 2001; 50(1): 105 - 112.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
J.-Y. Li, S. Finniss, Y.-K. Yang, Q. Zeng, S.-Y. Qu, G. Barsh, C. Dickinson, and I. Gantz
Agouti-Related Protein-Like Immunoreactivity: Characterization of Release from Hypothalamic Tissue and Presence in Serum
Endocrinology, June 1, 2000; 141(6): 1942 - 1950.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
C. Lanneau, M. T. Bluet-Pajot, P. Zizzari, Z. Csaba, P. Dournaud, L. Helboe, D. Hoyer, E. Pellegrini, G. S. Tannenbaum, J. Epelbaum, et al.
Involvement of the Sst1 Somatostatin Receptor Subtype in the Intrahypothalamic Neuronal Network Regulating Growth Hormone Secretion: An in Vitro and in Vivo Antisense Study
Endocrinology, March 1, 2000; 141(3): 967 - 979.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Pharmacol. Rev.Home page
A. Inui
Transgenic Approach to the Study of Body Weight Regulation
Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 2000; 52(1): 35 - 62.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ScienceHome page
S. Fulton, B. Woodside, and P. Shizgal
Modulation of Brain Reward Circuitry by Leptin
Science, January 7, 2000; 287(5450): 125 - 128.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
M.-t. Liu, S. Seino, and A. L. Kirchgessner
Identification and Characterization of Glucoresponsive Neurons in the Enteric Nervous System
J. Neurosci., December 1, 1999; 19(23): 10305 - 10317.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 FASEB J.Home page
M. DE JONG-BRINK, C. N. REID, C. P. TENSEN, and A. TER MAAT
Parasites flicking the NPY gene on the host's switchboard: why NPY?
FASEB J, November 1, 1999; 13(14): 1972 - 1984.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
A. N. van den Pol
Hypothalamic Hypocretin (Orexin): Robust Innervation of the Spinal Cord
J. Neurosci., April 15, 1999; 19(8): 3171 - 3182.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
S. P. Kalra, M. G. Dube, S. Pu, B. Xu, T. L. Horvath, and P. S. Kalra
Interacting Appetite-Regulating Pathways in the Hypothalamic Regulation of Body Weight
Endocr. Rev., February 1, 1999; 20(1): 68 - 100.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


-

Home  |   Search  |   Archive  |   Subscribe  |   Contact  |   Help
-
Copyright 2010 by Society for Neuroscience ONLINE ISSN: 1529-2401
-