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The Journal of Neuroscience, February 15, 1999, 19(4):1247-1256

Activation of Protein Kinase A Contributes to the Expression But Not the Induction of Long-Term Hyperexcitability Caused by Axotomy of Aplysia Sensory Neurons

Xiaogang Liao¹, John D. Gunstream¹, Matthew R. Lewin¹, Richard T. Ambron², and Edgar T. Walters¹

¹ Department of Integrative Biology, Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, and ² Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032

Nociceptive sensory neurons (SNs) in Aplysia provide useful models to study both memory and adaptive responses to nerve injury. Induction of long-term memory in many species, including Aplysia, is thought to depend on activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Because Aplysia SNs display similar alterations in models of memory and after nerve injury, a plausible hypothesis is that axotomy triggers memory-like modifications by activating PKA in damaged axons. The present study disproves this hypothesis. SN axotomy was produced by (1) dissociation of somata from the ganglion [which is shown to induce long-term hyperexcitability (LTH)], (2) transection of neurites of dissociated SNs growing in vitro, or (3) peripheral nerve crush. Application of the competitive PKA inhibitor Rp-8-CPT-cAMPS at the time of axotomy failed to alter the induction of LTH by each form of axotomy, although the inhibitor antagonized hyperexcitability produced by 5-HT application. Strong activation of PKA in the nerve by coapplication of a membrane-permeant analog of cAMP and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor was not sufficient to induce LTH of either the SN somata or axons. Furthermore, nerve crush failed to activate axonal PKA or stimulate its retrograde transport. Therefore, PKA activation plays little if any role in the induction of LTH by axotomy. However, the expression of LTH was reduced by intracellular injection of the highly specific PKA inhibitor PKI several days after nerve crush. This suggests that long-lasting activation of PKA in or near the soma contributes to the maintenance of long-term modifications produced by nerve injury.

Key words: sensitization; nerve injury; long-term memory; cAMP; protein kinase inhibitor (PKI); cell dissociation

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Copyright © 1999 Society for Neuroscience  0270-6474/99/1941247-10$05.00/0

This article has been cited by other articles:

				R. M. S. Weragoda and E. T. Walters Serotonin Induces Memory-Like, Rapamycin-Sensitive Hyperexcitability in Sensory Axons of Aplysia That Contributes to Injury Responses J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2007; 98(3): 1231 - 1239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-H. Zheng, E. T. Walters, and X.-J. Song Dissociation of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Induces Hyperexcitability That Is Maintained by Increased Responsiveness to cAMP and cGMP J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2007; 97(1): 15 - 25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-J. Sung, F. Wu, S. Schacher, and R. T. Ambron Synaptogenesis regulates axotomy-induced activation of c-Jun-activator protein-1 transcription. J. Neurosci., June 14, 2006; 26(24): 6439 - 6449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X.-J. Song, Z.-B. Wang, Q. Gan, and E. T. Walters cAMP and cGMP Contribute to Sensory Neuron Hyperexcitability and Hyperalgesia in Rats With Dorsal Root Ganglia Compression J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2006; 95(1): 479 - 492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-J. Sung, E. T. Walters, and R. T. Ambron A Neuronal Isoform of Protein Kinase G Couples Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Nuclear Import to Axotomy-Induced Long-Term Hyperexcitability in Aplysia Sensory Neurons J. Neurosci., August 25, 2004; 24(34): 7583 - 7595. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Ungless, X. Gasull, and E. T. Walters Long-Term Alteration of S-Type Potassium Current and Passive Membrane Properties in Aplysia Sensory Neurons Following Axotomy J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2002; 87(5): 2408 - 2420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. S. Bedi and D. L. Glanzman Axonal Rejoining Inhibits Injury-Induced Long-Term Changes in Aplysia Sensory Neurons In Vitro J. Neurosci., December 15, 2001; 21(24): 9667 - 9677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Liao, C. G. Brou, and E. T. Walters Limited Contributions of Serotonin to Long-Term Hyperexcitability of Aplysia Sensory Neurons J Neurophysiol, December 1, 1999; 82(6): 3223 - 3235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Farr, J. Mathews, D.-F. Zhu, and R. T. Ambron Inflammation Causes a Long-Term Hyperexcitability in the Nociceptive Sensory Neurons of Aplysia Learn. Mem., May 1, 1999; 6(3): 331 - 340. [Abstract] [Full Text]

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