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Next Article 
Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 2, 1527-1537, Copyright © 1982 by Society for Neuroscience
On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex
AP Georgopoulos, JF Kalaska, R Caminiti and JT Massey
The activity of single cells in the motor cortex was recorded while monkeys
made arm movements in eight directions (at 45 degrees intervals) in a
two-dimensional apparatus. These movements started from the same point and
were of the same amplitude. The activity of 606 cells related to proximal
arm movements was examined in the task; 323 of the 606 cells were active in
that task and were studied in detail. The frequency of discharge of 241 of
the 323 cells (74.6%) varied in an orderly fashion with the direction of
movement. Discharge was most intense with movements in a preferred
direction and was reduced gradually when movements were made in directions
farther and farther away from the preferred one. This resulted in a
bell-shaped directional tuning curve. These relations were observed for
cell discharge during the reaction time, the movement time, and the period
that preceded the earliest changes in the electromyographic activity
(approximately 80 msec before movement onset). In about 75% of the 241
directionally tuned cells, the frequency of discharge, D, was a sinusoidal
function of the direction of movement, theta: D = b0 + b1 sin theta + b2cos
theta, or, in terms of the preferred direction, theta 0: D = b0 + c1cos
(theta - theta0), where b0, b1, b2, and c1 are regression coefficients.
Preferred directions differed for different cells so that the tuning curves
partially overlapped. The orderly variation of cell discharge with the
direction of movement and the fact that cells related to only one of the
eight directions of movement tested were rarely observed indicate that
movements in a particular direction are not subserved by motor cortical
cells uniquely related to that movement. It is suggested, instead, that a
movement trajectory in a desired direction might be generated by the
cooperation of cells with overlapping tuning curves. The nature of this
hypothetical population code for movement direction remains to be
elucidated.
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