On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex

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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 2, 1527-1537, Copyright © 1982 by Society for Neuroscience

ARTICLE

On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex

AP Georgopoulos, JF Kalaska, R Caminiti and JT Massey

The activity of single cells in the motor cortex was recorded while monkeys made arm movements in eight directions (at 45 degrees intervals) in a two-dimensional apparatus. These movements started from the same point and were of the same amplitude. The activity of 606 cells related to proximal arm movements was examined in the task; 323 of the 606 cells were active in that task and were studied in detail. The frequency of discharge of 241 of the 323 cells (74.6%) varied in an orderly fashion with the direction of movement. Discharge was most intense with movements in a preferred direction and was reduced gradually when movements were made in directions farther and farther away from the preferred one. This resulted in a bell-shaped directional tuning curve. These relations were observed for cell discharge during the reaction time, the movement time, and the period that preceded the earliest changes in the electromyographic activity (approximately 80 msec before movement onset). In about 75% of the 241 directionally tuned cells, the frequency of discharge, D, was a sinusoidal function of the direction of movement, theta: D = b0 + b1 sin theta + b2cos theta, or, in terms of the preferred direction, theta 0: D = b0 + c1cos (theta - theta0), where b0, b1, b2, and c1 are regression coefficients. Preferred directions differed for different cells so that the tuning curves partially overlapped. The orderly variation of cell discharge with the direction of movement and the fact that cells related to only one of the eight directions of movement tested were rarely observed indicate that movements in a particular direction are not subserved by motor cortical cells uniquely related to that movement. It is suggested, instead, that a movement trajectory in a desired direction might be generated by the cooperation of cells with overlapping tuning curves. The nature of this hypothetical population code for movement direction remains to be elucidated.

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A. Battaglia-Mayer, R. Caminiti, F. Lacquaniti, and M. Zago
Multiple Levels of Representation of Reaching in the Parieto-frontal Network
Cereb Cortex, October 1, 2003; 13(10): 1009 - 1022.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. J. Sober and P. N. Sabes
Multisensory Integration during Motor Planning
J. Neurosci., August 6, 2003; 23(18): 6982 - 6992.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

K. M. Graham, K. D. Moore, D. W. Cabel, P. L. Gribble, P. Cisek, and S. H. Scott
Kinematics and Kinetics of Multijoint Reaching in Nonhuman Primates
J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2003; 89(5): 2667 - 2677.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

P. Cisek, D. J. Crammond, and J. F. Kalaska
Neural Activity in Primary Motor and Dorsal Premotor Cortex In Reaching Tasks With the Contralateral Versus Ipsilateral Arm
J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2003; 89(2): 922 - 942.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

P. Pigeon, S. B. Bortolami, P. DiZio, and J. R. Lackner
Coordinated Turn-and-Reach Movements. II. Planning in an External Frame of Reference
J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2003; 89(1): 290 - 303.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

R. L. Sainburg, J. E. Lateiner, M. L. Latash, and L. B. Bagesteiro
Effects of Altering Initial Position on Movement Direction and Extent
J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2003; 89(1): 401 - 415.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. H. Fagg, A. Shah, and A. G. Barto
A Computational Model of Muscle Recruitment for Wrist Movements
J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2002; 88(6): 3348 - 3358.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

G. S. Russo, D. A. Backus, S. Ye, and M. D. Crutcher
Neural Activity in Monkey Dorsal and Ventral Cingulate Motor Areas: Comparison with the Supplementary Motor Area
J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2002; 88(5): 2612 - 2629.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

L. Koski, A. Wohlschlager, H. Bekkering, R. P. Woods, M.-C. Dubeau, J. C. Mazziotta, and M. Iacoboni
Modulation of Motor and Premotor Activity during Imitation of Target-directed Actions
Cereb Cortex, August 1, 2002; 12(8): 847 - 855.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]