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The Journal of Neuroscience, October 15, 2000, 20(20):7602-7613
Dual Roles for c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase in Developmental and
Stress Responses in Cerebellar Granule Neurons
Eleanor T.
Coffey1, 2,
Vesa
Hongisto1, 2,
Martin
Dickens3,
Roger J.
Davis4, and
Michael J.
Courtney1, 2, 5
1 Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi
University and University of Turku, BioCity, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland,
2 Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi
University, BioCity, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland, 3 Department
of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE17RH, United
Kingdom, 4 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts,
Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, and 5 A. I. Virtanen
Institute, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) typically respond strongly to
stress, are implicated in brain development, and are believed to
mediate neuronal apoptosis. Surprisingly, however, JNK does not respond
characteristically to stress in cultured cerebellar granule (CBG)
neurons, a widely exploited CNS model for studies of death and
development, despite the regulation of its substrate c-Jun. To
understand this anomaly, we characterized JNK regulation in CBG
neurons. We find that the specific activity of CBG JNK is elevated
considerably above that from neuron-like cell lines (SH-SY5Y, PC12);
however, similar elevated activities are found in brain extracts. This
activity does not result from cellular stress because the
stress-activated protein kinase p38 is not activated. We identify a
minor stress-sensitive pool of JNK that translocates with
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-4 (MKK4) into the
nucleus. However, the major pool of total activity is cytoplasmic,
residing largely in the neurites, suggesting a non-nuclear role for JNK
in neurons. A third JNK pool is colocalized with MKK7 in the nucleus,
and specific activities of both increase during neuritogenesis, nuclear
JNK activity increasing 10-fold, whereas c-Jun expression and activity
decrease. A role for JNK during differentiation is supported by
modulation of neuritic architecture after expression of dominant
inhibitory regulators of the JNK pathway. Channeling of JNK signaling
away from c-Jun during differentiation is consistent with the presence
in the nucleus of the JNK/MKK7 scaffold protein JNK-interacting
protein, which inhibits JNK-c-Jun interaction. We propose a model in
which distinct pools of JNK serve different functions, providing a
basis for understanding multifunctional JNK signaling in
differentiating neurons.
Key words:
cerebellar granule neuron; stress-activated protein
kinase; JNK; JIP; MKK4; MKK7; p38; c-Jun; nuclear translocation; neuronal differentiation; dominant negative; neuronal morphology
Copyright © 2000 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/00/20207602-12$05.00/0
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