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The Journal of Neuroscience, November 1, 2000, 20(21):8012-8020
A Glia-Derived Signal Regulating Neuronal Differentiation
Olivier
Blondel1,
Carlos
Collin1,
William J.
McCarran1,
Shiaoping
Zhu1,
Rachel
Zamostiano2,
Illana
Gozes2,
Douglas E.
Brenneman3, and
Ronald D. G.
McKay1
1 Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute
of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland 20892, 2 Department of Clinical
Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978, and
3 Section on Developmental and Molecular Pharmacology,
Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
Maryland 20892
Astrocytes are present in large numbers in the nervous system, are
associated with synapses, and propagate ionic signals. Astrocytes
influence neuronal physiology by responding to and releasing
neurotransmitters, but the mechanisms that establish the close
interaction between these cells are not defined. Here we use
hippocampal neurons in culture to demonstrate that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) promotes neuronal differentiation through
activity-dependent neurotrophic factor (ADNF), a protein secreted by
VIP-stimulated astroglia. ADNF is produced by glial cells and acts
directly on neurons to promote glutamate responses and morphological
development. ADNF causes secretion of neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), and both
proteins regulate NMDA receptor subunit 2A (NR2A) and NR2B. These data
suggest that the VIP-ADNF-NT-3 neuronal-glial pathway regulates
glutamate responses from an early stage in the synaptic development of
excitatory neurons and may also contribute to the known effects of VIP
on learning and behavior in the adult nervous system.
Key words:
glia; synapse; hippocampus; ADNF; NT-3; VIP
Copyright © 2000 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/00/20218012-09$05.00/0
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