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The Journal of Neuroscience, April 1, 2000, 20(7):2534-2542
Early and Selective Loss of Neuromuscular Synapse Subtypes with
Low Sprouting Competence in Motoneuron Diseases
Dunja
Frey1,
Corinna
Schneider1,
Lan
Xu1,
Jacques
Borg2,
Will
Spooren3, and
Pico
Caroni1
1 Friedrich Miescher Institute, CH-4058 Basel,
Switzerland, 2 Pharmacology Department, Université
Louis Pasteur 67200, Strassbourg, France, and 3 Central
Nervous System Research, Novartis, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
The addition or loss of synapses in response to changes in
activity, disease, or aging is a major aspect of nervous system plasticity in the adult. The mechanisms that affect the turnover and
maintenance of synapses in the adult are poorly understood and are
difficult to investigate in the brain. Here, we exploited a unique
anatomical arrangement in the neuromuscular system to determine whether
subtypes of synapses can differ in anatomical plasticity and
vulnerability. In three genetic mouse models of motoneuron disease of
diverse origin and severity, we observed a gradual and selective loss
of synaptic connections that begun long before the onset of clinical
deficits and correlated with the timing of disease progression. A
subgroup of fast-type (fast-fatiguable) neuromuscular synapses was
highly vulnerable and was lost very early on. In contrast, slow-type
synapses resisted up to the terminal phase of the disease.
Muscle-specific differences were also evident. Similar selective losses
were detected in aged mice. These selective vulnerability properties of
synapses coincided with hitherto unrecognized major differences in
stimulus-induced anatomical plasticity that could also be revealed in
healthy mice. Using paralysis and/or growth-associated protein
43 overexpression to induce synaptic sprouting, we found that
slow-type, disease-resistant synapses were particularly plastic. In
contrast, fast-type synapses with the highest vulnerability failed to
exhibit any stimulus-induced change. The results reveal pronounced
subtype specificity in the anatomical plasticity and susceptibility to
loss of neuromuscular synapses and suggest that degenerative motoneuron
diseases involve a common early pathway of selective and progressive
synaptic weakening also associated with aging.
Key words:
selective vulnerability; motoneuron disease; synapse
subtypes; neuromuscular junction; GAP43; anatomical plasticity; Botulinum toxin A
Copyright © 2000 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/00/2072534-09$05.00/0
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