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The Journal of Neuroscience, January 15, 2001, 21(2):477-484
Cytosolic Calcium Oscillations in Astrocytes May Regulate Exocytotic Release of Glutamate
Lucia Pasti1, Micaela Zonta1, Tullio Pozzan1, Stefano Vicini2, and Giorgio Carmignoto1 1 Department of Experimental Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Center for the Study of Biomembranes, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy, and 2 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
To obtain insights into the spatiotemporal characteristics and mechanism of Ca2+-dependent glutamate release from astrocytes, we developed a new experimental approach using human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells transfected with the NMDA receptor (NMDAR), which act as glutamate biosensors, plated on cultured astrocytes. We here show that oscillations of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in astrocytes trigger synchronous and repetitive [Ca2+]i elevations in sensor HEK cells, and that these elevations are sensitive to NMDAR inhibition. By whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we demonstrate that the activation of NMDARs in HEK cells results in inward currents that often have extremely fast kinetics, comparable with those of glutamate-mediated NMDAR currents in postsynaptic neurons. We also show that the release of glutamate from stimulated astrocytes is drastically reduced by agents that are known to reduce neuronal exocytosis, i.e., tetanus toxin and bafilomycin A1. We conclude that [Ca2+]i oscillations represent a frequency-encoded signaling system that controls a pulsatile release of glutamate from astrocytes. The fast activation of NMDARs in the sensor cells and the dependence of glutamate release on the functional integrity of both synaptobrevin and vacuolar H+ ATPase suggest that astrocytes are endowed with an exocytotic mechanism of glutamate release that resembles that of neurons.
Key words: glia; calcium oscillations; transmitter release; exocytosis; SNARE protein; green fluorescent protein
Copyright © 2001 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/01/212477-08$05.00/0
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