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The Journal of Neuroscience, March 15, 2001, 21(6):2028-2038
Regulation of Microglial Development: A Novel Role for Thyroid Hormone
Flavia R. S. Lima1, Annie Gervais1, Catherine Colin1, Mireille Izembart2, Vivaldo Moura Neto3, and Michel Mallat1 1 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.495, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France, 2 Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France, and 3 Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomedicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21-949-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
The postnatal development of rat microglia is marked by an important increase in the number of microglial cells and the growth of their ramified processes. We studied the role of thyroid hormone in microglial development. The distribution and morphology of microglial cells stained with isolectin B4 or monoclonal antibody ED1 were analyzed in cortical and subcortical forebrain regions of developing rats rendered hypothyroid by prenatal and postnatal treatment with methyl-thiouracil. Microglial processes were markedly less abundant in hypothyroid pups than in age-matched normal animals, from postnatal day 4 up to the end of the third postnatal week of life. A delay in process extension and a decrease in the density of microglial cell bodies, as shown by cell counts in the developing cingulate cortex of normal and hypothyroid animals, were responsible for these differences. Conversely, neonatal rat hyperthyroidism, induced by daily injections of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), accelerated the extension of microglial processes and increased the density of cortical microglial cell bodies above physiological levels during the first postnatal week of life.
Reverse transcription-PCR and immunological analyses indicated that cultured cortical ameboid microglial cells expressed the
1 and
1 isoforms of nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. Consistent with the trophic and morphogenetic effects of thyroid hormone observed in situ, T3 favored the survival of cultured purified microglial cells and the growth of their processes. These results demonstrate that thyroid hormone promotes the growth and morphological differentiation of microglia during development.
Key words: microglia; cerebral cortex; thyroid hormone; thyroid hormone receptor; hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism; triiodothyronine; rat; development
Copyright © 2001 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/01/2162028-11$05.00/0
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