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The Journal of Neuroscience, April 1, 2001, 21(7):2215-2223
Propagation of Intercellular Calcium Waves in Retinal Astrocytes
and Müller Cells
Eric A.
Newman
Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455
Intercellular Ca2+ waves are believed to
propagate through networks of glial cells in culture in one of two
ways: by diffusion of IP3 between cells through gap
junctions or by release of ATP, which functions as an extracellular
messenger. Experiments were conducted to determine the mechanism of
Ca2+ wave propagation between glial cells in an
intact CNS tissue. Calcium waves were imaged in the acutely isolated
rat retina with the Ca2+ indicator dye fluo-4.
Mechanical stimulation of astrocyte somata evoked
Ca2+ waves that propagated through both astrocytes
and Müller cells. Octanol (0.5 mM), which blocks
coupling between astrocytes and Müller cells, did not reduce
propagation into Müller cells. Purinergic receptor antagonists
suramin (100 µM), PPADS (20-50 µM), and
apyrase (80 U/ml), in contrast, substantially reduced wave propagation
into Müller cells (wave radii reduced to 16-61% of control).
Suramin also reduced wave propagation from Müller cell to
Müller cell (51% of control). Purinergic antagonists reduced
wave propagation through astrocytes to a lesser extent (64-81% of
control). Mechanical stimulation evoked the release of ATP, imaged with
the luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence assay. Peak ATP concentration
at the surface of the retina averaged 78 µM at the
stimulation site and 6.8 µM at a distance of 100 µm. ATP release propagated outward from the stimulation site with a
velocity of 41 µm/sec, somewhat faster than the 28 µm/sec velocity of Ca2+ waves. Ejection of 3 µM ATP
onto the retinal surface evoked propagated glial
Ca2+ waves. Together, these results indicate that
Ca2+ waves are propagated through retinal glial
cells by two mechanisms. Waves are propagated through astrocytes
principally by diffusion of an internal messenger, whereas waves are
propagated from astrocytes to Müller cells and from Müller
cells to other Müller cells primarily by the release of ATP.
Key words:
calcium waves; calcium wave propagation; astrocyte; Müller cell; glial cells; ATP
Copyright © 2001 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/01/2172215-09$05.00/0
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