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Previous Article | Next Article
The Journal of Neuroscience, October 15, 2002, 22(20):9005-9014
A Model System for Study of Sex Chromosome Effects on Sexually Dimorphic Neural and Behavioral Traits
Geert J. De Vries1, Emilie F. Rissman2, Richard B. Simerly3, Liang-Yo Yang4, Elka M. Scordalakes2, Catherine J. Auger1, Amanda Swain5, Robin Lovell-Badge6, Paul S. Burgoyne6, and Arthur P. Arnold4 1 Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9333, 2 Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, 3 Division of Neuroscience, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, 4 Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1606, 5 Chester Beatty Labs, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom, and 6 Division of Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
We tested the hypothesis that genes encoded on the sex chromosomes play a direct role in sexual differentiation of brain and behavior. We used mice in which the testis-determining gene (Sry) was moved from the Y chromosome to an autosome (by deletion of Sry from the Y and subsequent insertion of an Sry transgene onto an autosome), so that the determination of testis development occurred independently of the complement of X or Y chromosomes. We compared XX and XY mice with ovaries (females) and XX and XY mice with testes (males). These comparisons allowed us to assess the effect of sex chromosome complement (XX vs XY) independent of gonadal status (testes vs ovaries) on sexually dimorphic neural and behavioral phenotypes. The phenotypes included measures of male copulatory behavior, social exploration behavior, and sexually dimorphic neuroanatomical structures in the septum, hypothalamus, and lumbar spinal cord. Most of the sexually dimorphic phenotypes correlated with the presence of ovaries or testes and therefore reflect the hormonal output of the gonads. We found, however, that both male and female mice with XY sex chromosomes were more masculine than XX mice in the density of vasopressin-immunoreactive fibers in the lateral septum. Moreover, two male groups differing only in the form of their Sry gene showed differences in behavior. The results show that sex chromosome genes contribute directly to the development of a sex difference in the brain.
Key words: Y chromosome; X chromosome; sexual differentiation; lateral septum; androgens; sex chromosome; Sry; sex determination
Copyright © 2002 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/02/22209005-10$05.00/0
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