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The Journal of Neuroscience, February 1, 2002, 22(3):644-653
Specific Gap Junctions Enhance the Neuronal Vulnerability to Brain Traumatic Injury
Marina V. Frantseva1, Larisa Kokarovtseva1, Christian G. Naus3, Peter L. Carlen2, Derrick MacFabe4, and Jose L. Perez Velazquez1, 2 1 The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada, 2 Department of Medicine (Neurology) and Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8, and 3 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 4 Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
Traumatic brain injury results in neuronal loss and associated neurological deficits. Although most research on the factors leading to trauma-induced damage focuses on synaptic or ionic mechanisms, the possible role of direct intercellular communication via gap junctions has remained unexplored. Gap junctions connect directly the cytoplasms of coupled cells; hence, they offer a way to propagate stress signals from cell to cell. We investigated the contribution of gap junctional communication (GJC) to cell death using an in vitro trauma model. The impact injury, induced by a weight dropped on the distal CA1 area of organotypic hippocampal slices, results in glutamate-dependent cell loss. The gap junctional blockers carbenoxolone and octanol decreased significantly post-traumatic cell death, measured by propidium iodide staining over a 72 hr period after the impact. Dye coupling in the pyramidal layers was enhanced immediately after the injury and decreased over the following 24 hr. To determine whether specific connexins were involved in the spread of trauma-induced cell death, we used organotypic slices from connexin43 (Cx43) knock-out mice, as well as acute knock-outs by incubation with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Simultaneous knockdown of two neuronal connexins resulted in significant neuroprotection. Slices from the null-mutant Cx43 mice, as well as the acute Cx43 knockdown, also showed decreased cell death after the impact. The gap junctional blockers alleviated the trauma-induced impairment of synaptic function as measured by electrophysiological field potential recordings. These results indicate that GJC enhances the cellular vulnerability to traumatic injury. Hence, specific gap junctions could be a novel target to reduce injury and secondary damage to the brain and maximize recovery from trauma.
Key words: trauma; gap junctions; antisense; electrophysiology; organotypic slices; cx43 knock-out
Copyright © 2002 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/02/223644-10$05.00/0
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