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The Journal of Neuroscience, August 6, 2003, 23(18):6972-6981
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Reversible Paired Helical Filament-Like Phosphorylation of Tau Is an Adaptive Process Associated with Neuronal Plasticity in Hibernating Animals
Thomas Arendt,1 Jens Stieler,1 Arjen M. Strijkstra,3 Roelof A. Hut,3 Jan Rüdiger,5 Eddy A. Van der Zee,3,4 Tibor Harkany,4 Max Holzer,1 andWolfgang Härtig2 Departments of 1Neuroanatomy and 2Neurochemistry, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, D-04109 Leipzig, Germany, Departments of 3Animal Behavior and 4Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, 9757 NN Haren, The Netherlands, and 5Institute of Anatomy II, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
Neurofibrillary pathology [paired helical filaments (PHFs)] formed by the microtubule-associated protein tau in a hyperphosphorylated form is a major hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. The process of tau phosphorylation, thought to be of critical importance for PHF formation, and its potential link to neurodegeneration, however, is not understood very well, mostly because of the lack of a physiological in vivo model of PHF-like tau phosphorylation. Here we describe the formation of highly phosphorylated tau, containing a number of PHF-like epitopes in torpor during hibernation. PHF-like phosphorylation of tau was not associated with fibril formation and was fully reversible after arousal. Distribution of PHF-like tau followed a consistent pattern, being most intense in the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and isocortical areas. Within the hippocampus, a particularly high labeling was seen in CA3 pyramidal cells. Somewhat lesser reactivity was present in CA1 neurons while dentate gyrus granule cells were not reactive. Formation of PHF-like tau in CA3 neurons was paralleled by the regression of synaptic contacts of the mossy fiber system terminating on CA3 apical dendrites. Mossy fiber afferentation was re-established during arousal, concomitantly with the decrease of PHF-like tau in CA3 neurons.
These findings implicate an essential link between neuronal plasticity and PHF-like phosphorylation of tau. The repeated formation and degradation of PHF-like tau might, thus, represent a physiological mechanism not necessarily associated with pathological effects. Hibernation will, therefore, be a valuable model to study the regulation of PHF-like tau-phosphorylation and its cell biological sequelae under physiological in vivo conditions.
Key words: Alzheimer's disease; hibernation; natural hypothermia; PHF; phosphorylation; plasticity; synapse; tau
Received Apr. 8, 2003; revised May. 19, 2003; accepted May. 22, 2003.
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