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The Journal of Neuroscience, October 22, 2003, 23(29):9632-9638
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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Dissociable Contributions of the Human Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex to Incentive Motivation and Goal Selection
F. Sergio Arana,1 John A. Parkinson,1 Elanor Hinton,2 Anthony J. Holland,2 Adrian M. Owen,3 andAngela C. Roberts1 1Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom, 2Section of Developmental Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas House, Cambridge CB2 2AH, United Kingdom, 3 Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Unit, Cambridge CB2 2EF, United Kingdom, and The Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
Theories of incentive motivation attempt to capture the way in which objects and events in the world can acquire high motivational value and drive behavior, even in the absence of a clear biological need. In addition, for an individual to select the most appropriate goal, the incentive values of competing desirable objects need to be defined and compared. The present study examined the neural substrates by which appetitive incentive value influences prospective goal selection, using positron emission tomographic neuroimaging in humans. Sated subjects were shown a series of restaurant menus that varied in incentive value, specifically tailored for each individual, and in half the trials, were asked to make a selection from the menu.
The amygdala was activated by high-incentive menus regardless of whether a choice was required. Indeed, activity in this region varied as a function of individual subjective ratings of incentive value. In contrast, distinct regions of the orbitofrontal cortex were recruited both during incentive judgments and goal selection. Activity in the medial orbital cortex showed a greater response to high-incentive menus and when making a choice, with the latter activity also correlating with subjective ratings of difficulty. Lateral orbitofrontal activity was observed selectively when participants had to suppress responses to alternative desirable items to select their most preferred. Taken together, these data highlight the differential contribution of the amygdala and regions within the orbitofrontal cortex in a neural system underlying the selection of goals based on the prospective incentive value of stimuli, over and above homeostatic influences.
Key words: emotion; imaging; pet (positron emission tomography); goal-directed action; appetitive; food preference
Received June 4, 2003; revised August 29, 2003; accepted August 29, 2003.
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