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Previous Article | Next Article
The Journal of Neuroscience, February 15, 2003, 23(4):1441
Phase Resetting Light Pulses Induce Per1 and Persistent Spike Activity in a Subpopulation of Biological Clock Neurons
Sandra J. Kuhlman1, Rae Silver2, 3, Joseph Le Sauter2, Abel Bult-Ito4, and Douglas G. McMahon1 1 Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084, 2 Department of Psychology, Barnard College, New York, New York 10027, 3 Departments of Psychology, and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and 4 Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7000
The endogenous circadian clock of the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) can be reset by light to synchronize the biological clock of the brain with the external environment. This process involves induction of immediate-early genes such as the circadian clock gene Period1 (Per1) and results in a stable shift in the timing of behavioral and physiological rhythms on subsequent days. The mechanisms by which gene activation permanently alters the phase of clock neuron activity are unknown. To study the relationship between acute gene activation and persistent changes in the neurophysiology of SCN neurons, we recorded from SCN neurons marked with a dynamic green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter of Per1 gene activity. Phase-resetting light pulses resulted in Per1 induction in a distinct subset of SCN neurons that also exhibited a persistent increase in action potential frequency 3-5 hr after a light pulse. By simultaneously quantifying Per1 gene activation and spike frequency in individual neurons, we found that the degree of Per1 induction was highly correlated with neuronal spike frequency on a cell-by-cell basis. Increased neuronal activity was mediated by membrane potential depolarization as a result of a reduction in outward potassium current. Double-label immunocytochemistry revealed that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing cells, but not arginine vasopressin (AVP)-expressing cells, exhibited significant Per1 induction by light pulses. Rhythmic GFP expression occurred in both VIP and AVP neurons. Our results indicate that the steps that link acute molecular events to permanent changes in clock phase involve persistent suppression of potassium current, downstream of Per1 gene induction, in a specific subset of Per1-expressing neurons enriched for VIP.
Key words: suprachiasmatic nucleus; circadian rhythms; GFP; transgenic mice; electrophysiology; gene expression; transcription factors; potassium channels; vasoactive intestinal peptide; arginine vasopressin; entrainment
Copyright © 2003 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/03/2341441-10$05.00/0
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