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The Journal of Neuroscience, May 26, 2004, 24(21):4952-4961; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0004-04.2004

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Rescuing Transient Corticospinal Terminations and Promoting Growth with Corticospinal Stimulation in Kittens

Iran Salimi and John H. Martin

Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032

Development of corticospinal (CS) terminations is activity dependent. In the cat, activity-dependent refinement of termination topography occurs between weeks 3 and 6. Initially, sparse terminals are present in the gray matter bilaterally, including the motor nuclei. By week 6, virtually all motor nuclear terminations are eliminated, as are most ipsilateral terminations. In this study, we determined whether electrical stimulation of CS axons could be used to rescue transient terminations and promote their growth. We implanted microwires in the pyramid or spinal white matter to stimulate CS axons (2 hr/d, 330 Hz, 45 msec burst, 2 sec intervals) for 2-3 weeks during the refinement period. CS terminations were traced using wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Animals were killed after week 6. Stimulation produced dense terminations bilaterally, including within the motor nuclei. Termination density was least in lamina 1 and ventral lamina 9. Reticular formation stimulation produced a control (i.e., nonstimulated) termination pattern. To determine whether CS stimulation affected development of the nonstimulated CS system, we traced terminations from the contralateral cortex using biotinylated dextran amine. Compared with controls or after reticular formation stimulation, there was a shift in the distribution of terminations of the nonstimulated side to more dorsal laminas, which is where the stimulated CS system had fewer terminals. This distribution shift is consistent with competition for termination space between the CS systems on both sides. Our findings indicate that activity can be harnessed to bias CS axon terminal development. This has important implications for using activity to modify motor system organization after perinatal CNS trauma.

Key words: motor cortex; corticospinal system; spinal cord; postnatal; cat; activity-dependent development

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Received Jan 1, 2004; revised March 31, 2004; accepted March 31, 2004.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				I. Salimi, K. M. Friel, and J. H. Martin Pyramidal Tract Stimulation Restores Normal Corticospinal Tract Connections and Visuomotor Skill after Early Postnatal Motor Cortex Activity Blockade J. Neurosci., July 16, 2008; 28(29): 7426 - 7434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Bleyenheuft, C. B. Grandin, G. Cosnard, E. Olivier, and J.-L. Thonnard Corticospinal Dysgenesis and Upper-Limb Deficits in Congenital Hemiplegia: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study Pediatrics, December 1, 2007; 120(6): e1502 - e1511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. C Maier and M. E Schwab Sprouting, regeneration and circuit formation in the injured spinal cord: factors and activity Phil Trans R Soc B, September 29, 2006; 361(1473): 1611 - 1634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. H. Martin The Corticospinal System: From Development to Motor Control Neuroscientist, April 1, 2005; 11(2): 161 - 173. [Abstract] [PDF]

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