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The Journal of Neuroscience, September 8, 2004, 24(36):7779-7788; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1899-04.2004
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Neurobiology of Disease
Mitochondrial  -Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex Generates Reactive Oxygen Species
Anatoly A. Starkov,1
Gary Fiskum,2
Christos Chinopoulos,2
Beverly J. Lorenzo,1
Susan E. Browne,1
Mulchand S. Patel,3 and
M. Flint Beal1
1Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, 2Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, and 3Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
Mitochondria-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to contribute to cell death caused by a multitude of pathological conditions. The molecular sites of mitochondrial ROS production are not well established but are generally thought to be located in complex I and complex III of the electron transport chain. We measured H2O2 production, respiration, and NADPH reduction level in rat brain mitochondria oxidizing a variety of respiratory substrates. Under conditions of maximum respiration induced with either ADP or carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, -ketoglutarate supported the highest rate of H2O2 production. In the absence of ADP or in the presence of rotenone, H2O2 production rates correlated with the reduction level of mitochondrial NADPH with various substrates, with the exception of -ketoglutarate. Isolated mitochondrial -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDHC) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHC) complexes produced superoxide and H2O2. NAD+ inhibited ROS production by the isolated enzymes and by permeabilized mitochondria. We also measured H2O2 production by brain mitochondria isolated from heterozygous knock-out mice deficient in dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (Dld). Although this enzyme is a part of both KGDHC and PDHC, there was greater impairment of KGDHC activity in Dld-deficient mitochondria. These mitochondria also produced significantly less H2O2 than mitochondria isolated from their littermate wild-type mice. The data strongly indicate that KGDHC is a primary site of ROS production in normally functioning mitochondria.
Key words: mitochondria; reactive oxygen species; lipoamide dehydrogenase; ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; Parkinson; Alzheimer
Received May 15, 2004;
revised July 14, 2004;
accepted July 18, 2004.
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