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The Journal of Neuroscience, July 6, 2005, 25(27):6372-6378; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1851-05.2005

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Off-Line Learning and the Primary Motor Cortex

Edwin M. Robertson,¹ Daniel Z. Press,¹ and Alvaro Pascual-Leone^1,2

¹Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and ²Institut Guttmann, Hospital de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain

We are all familiar with acquiring skills during practice, but skill can also continue to develop between practice sessions. These "off-line" improvements are frequently supported by sleep, but they can be time dependent when a skill is acquired unintentionally. The magnitude of these over-day and overnight improvements is similar, suggesting that a similar mechanism may support both types of off-line improvements. However, here we show that disruption of the primary motor cortex with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation blocks off-line improvements over the day but not overnight. This suggests that a memory may be rescued overnight and subsequently enhanced or that different aspects of a skill, with differential dependencies on the primary motor cortex, are enhanced over day and overnight. Off-line improvements of similar magnitude are not supported by similar mechanisms; instead, the mechanisms engaged may depend on brain state.

Key words: motor cortex; sensorimotor; motor learning; motor control; learning and memory; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

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Received Jan 18, 2005; revised May 26, 2005; accepted May 27, 2005.

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