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The Journal of Neuroscience, October 19, 2005, 25(42):9669-9679; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2414-05.2005

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Organization of the Human Trichromatic Cone Mosaic

Heidi Hofer,¹ Joseph Carroll,¹ Jay Neitz,² Maureen Neitz,^2,3 and David R. Williams¹

¹Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0270, and Departments of ²Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy and ³Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226

Using high-resolution adaptive-optics imaging combined with retinal densitometry, we characterized the arrangement of short- (S), middle- (M), and long- (L) wavelength-sensitive cones in eight human foveal mosaics. As suggested by previous studies, we found males with normal color vision that varied in the ratio of L to M cones (from 1.1:1 to 16.5:1). We also found a protan carrier with an even more extreme L:M ratio (0.37:1). All subjects had nearly identical S-cone densities, indicating independence of the developmental mechanism that governs the relative numerosity of L/M and S cones. L:M cone ratio estimates were correlated highly with those obtained in the same eyes using the flicker photometric electroretinogram (ERG), although the comparison indicates that the signal from each M cone makes a larger contribution to the ERG than each L cone. Although all subjects had highly disordered arrangements of L and M cones, three subjects showed evidence for departures from a strictly random rule for assigning the L and M cone photopigments. In two retinas, these departures corresponded to local clumping of cones of like type. In a third retina, the L:M cone ratio differed significantly at two retinal locations on opposite sides of the fovea. These results suggest that the assignment of L and M pigment, although highly irregular, is not a completely random process. Surprisingly, in the protan carrier, in which X-chromosome inactivation would favor L- or M-cone clumping, there was no evidence of clumping, perhaps as a result of cone migration during foveal development.

Key words: cone mosaic; adaptive optics; retina; color vision; trichromacy; retinal densitometry

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Received Jan 7, 2005; revised September 8, 2005; accepted September 9, 2005.

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