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The Journal of Neuroscience, May 3, 2006, 26(18):4769-4773; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0369-06.2006

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
The Anterior Cingulate and Error Avoidance

Elena Magno,¹ John J. Foxe,^2,3 Sophie Molholm,^2,3 Ian H. Robertson,¹ and Hugh Garavan^1,2

¹Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland, ²Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York 10962, and ³Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031

Correspondence should be addressed to Elena Magno, Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. Email: magnoe{at}tcd.ie

The precise role of the anterior cingulate cortex in monitoring, evaluating, and correcting behavior remains unclear despite numerous theories and much empirical data implicating it in cognitive control. The present event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study was able to separate monitoring from error-specific functions by allowing subjects to reject a trial so as to avoid errors. Cingulate and left dorsolateral prefrontal activity was greatest on rejection trials but comparable for correct and error trials, whereas an error-specific response was observed in bilateral insula. A dissociation was also observed between the cingulate and the nucleus accumbens with the latter more active for error than reject trials. These results reveal that the functional role of the cingulate is not particular to errors but instead is related to an evaluative function concerned with on-line behavioral adjustment in the service of avoiding losses.

Key words: cingulate; dorsolateral; prefrontal cortex; event related; fMRI; accumbens; executive

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Received Jan. 26, 2006; revised March 14, 2006; accepted March 29, 2006.

Correspondence should be addressed to Elena Magno, Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. Email: magnoe{at}tcd.ie

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