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The Journal of Neuroscience, September 13, 2006, 26(37):9426-9433; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2012-06.2006

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Homeostatic Regulation of Sleep: A Role for Preoptic Area Neurons

Irma Gvilia,^1,2,4 Feng Xu,¹ Dennis McGinty,^1,3 and Ronald Szymusiak^1,2

¹Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, California 91343, Departments of ²Medicine and ³Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, and ⁴I. Beritashvili Institute of Physiology, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia

Correspondence should be addressed to either Ronald Szymusiak or Irma Gvilia, Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 16111 Plummer Street, North Hills, CA 19343. Email: rszym{at}ucla.edu or Email: irmagvilia{at}hotmail.com

The median preoptic nucleus (MnPN) and the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA) contain putative sleep-regulatory neurons that exhibit elevated discharge rates during sleep compared with waking. Expression of c-Fos protein immunoreactivity (IR) in GABAergic neurons in the MnPN and the vlPOA is high in spontaneously sleeping rats and in rats undergoing recovery sleep after sleep deprivation. However, it is unclear whether c-Fos-IR in these neurons is evoked by increases in sleep pressure or by increases in sleep amount. We examined c-Fos-IR in MnPN and vlPOA neurons under experimental conditions that dissociated homeostatic sleep pressure, sleep amount, and time of day. Groups of rats with strong diurnal rhythms in sleep-wake organization were killed after (1) spontaneous sleep in the light, (2) spontaneous sleep in the dark, (3) sleep deprivation (SLD) in the light and (4) recovery sleep after SLD in the light. Numbers of GABAergic neurons expressing c-Fos-IR in the MnPN were significantly higher after SLD in the light compared with spontaneous sleep and recovery sleep in the light. In contrast, Fos-IR in vlPOA GABAergic neurons was most prevalent after spontaneous sleep and recovery sleep in the light. No light–dark differences in Fos-IR were observed in the MnPN after SLD in groups of rats with weak or absent diurnal sleep-waking rhythms. Our findings define potential roles for MnPN and vlPOA GABAergic neurons in homeostatic aspects of sleep regulation.

Key words: sleep deprivation; non-REM sleep; ventrolateral preoptic area; median preoptic nucleus; GABA; sleep diurnality

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Received May 10, 2006; revised July 20, 2006; accepted Aug. 7, 2006.

Correspondence should be addressed to either Ronald Szymusiak or Irma Gvilia, Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 16111 Plummer Street, North Hills, CA 19343. Email: rszym{at}ucla.edu or Email: irmagvilia{at}hotmail.com

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