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The Journal of Neuroscience, December 13, 2006, 26(50):12885-12895; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3688-06.2006

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Facilitation of Saccadic Eye Movements by Postsaccadic Electrical Stimulation in the Primate Caudate

Kae Nakamura and Okihide Hikosaka

Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4435

Correspondence should be addressed to Kae Nakamura, Department of Physiology, University of Wisconsin Madison, #127 Service Memorial Institute, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706. Email: kae{at}physiology.wisc.edu

Sensorimotor experience followed by positive feedback leads to motor learning. Although the striatum, an input channel of the basal ganglia, has been implicated to play a key role in motor learning, little is known about how reward information modulates the neuronal processes in the striatum that causes behavioral changes. Here, we report that direct manipulation of the neuronal signal in the primate caudate yields behavioral changes comparable with those induced by natural reward. Electrical stimulation in the oculomotor region of the caudate immediately after saccades to a fixed direction led to selective facilitation of saccades in that direction. The facilitation remained even after stimulation was stopped, indicating a plastic change. These effects were observed when stimulation was applied after, not before, saccades. We propose that the caudate plays a causal role in behavioral changes by integrating selective sensorimotor and reward information in a temporally specific manner.

Key words: basal ganglia; caudate; saccade; primate; reinforcement learning; electrical stimulation

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Received Aug. 24, 2006; revised Oct. 9, 2006; accepted Nov. 2, 2006.

Correspondence should be addressed to Kae Nakamura, Department of Physiology, University of Wisconsin Madison, #127 Service Memorial Institute, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706. Email: kae{at}physiology.wisc.edu

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