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The Journal of Neuroscience, May 2, 2007, 27(18):4826-4831; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0400-07.2007

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Differential Encoding of Losses and Gains in the Human Striatum

Ben Seymour,¹ Nathaniel Daw,² Peter Dayan,² Tania Singer,^1,3 and Ray Dolan¹

¹Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom, ²Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, and ³Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom

Correspondence should be addressed to Ben Seymour, Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. Email: bseymour{at}fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk

Studies on human monetary prediction and decision making emphasize the role of the striatum in encoding prediction errors for financial reward. However, less is known about how the brain encodes financial loss. Using Pavlovian conditioning of visual cues to outcomes that simultaneously incorporate the chance of financial reward and loss, we show that striatal activation reflects positively signed prediction errors for both. Furthermore, we show functional segregation within the striatum, with more anterior regions showing relative selectivity for rewards and more posterior regions for losses. These findings mirror the anteroposterior valence-specific gradient reported in rodents and endorse the role of the striatum in aversive motivational learning about financial losses, illustrating functional and anatomical consistencies with primary aversive outcomes such as pain.

Key words: basal ganglia; classical conditioning; reinforcement learning; neuroeconomics; opponent process; decision making

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Received Jan. 29, 2007; revised Feb. 26, 2007; accepted March 18, 2007.

Correspondence should be addressed to Ben Seymour, Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. Email: bseymour{at}fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk

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