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The Journal of Neuroscience, August 1, 2007, 27(31):8181-8183; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1671-07.2007

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Mini-Review
Dopaminergic Mechanisms in Actions and Habits

Jeffery R. Wickens,¹ Jon C. Horvitz,² Rui M. Costa,³ and Simon Killcross⁴

¹Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan, ²Department of Psychology, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts 02467, ³Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892–9411, and ⁴School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom

Correspondence should be addressed to Prof. Jeffery R. Wickens, Principal Investigator, Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 12-22 Suzaki, Uruma City, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan. Email: wickens{at}oist.jp

Recent studies suggest new ways to interpret dopaminergic actions in goal-directed performance and habitual responding. In the early stages of learning dopamine plays an essential role, but with extended training dopamine appears to play a decreasing role in response expression. Experimental manipulation of dopamine levels alters the correlation of cortical and striatal neural activity in behaving animals, and these dopamine-dependent changes in corticostriatal correlations may be reflected in changes in action selection in the basal ganglia. Consistent with this hypothesis, changes in dopamine signaling brought about by sensitization with amphetamine mimic the transition from goal-directed to habit-based instrumental performance. At the cellular level, dopamine-dependent synaptic plasticity may be important initially, and subsequently lead to more persistent changes that no longer require dopamine. The locus of these actions within the cortical and corticostriatal circuitry is a focus on ongoing research.

Key words: learning; reinforcement; striatum; dopamine; action; habit; cortex; corticostriatal

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Received April 13, 2007; revised June 8, 2007; accepted June 8, 2007.

Correspondence should be addressed to Prof. Jeffery R. Wickens, Principal Investigator, Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 12-22 Suzaki, Uruma City, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan. Email: wickens{at}oist.jp

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