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The Journal of Neuroscience, February 28, 2007, 27(9):2349-2356; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Dissociable Intrinsic Connectivity Networks for Salience Processing and Executive Control

William W. Seeley,¹ Vinod Menon,^2,3 Alan F. Schatzberg,² Jennifer Keller,² Gary H. Glover,^3,4 Heather Kenna,² Allan L. Reiss,^2,3 and Michael D. Greicius^2,5

¹Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, and ²Department of Psychiatry, ³Program in Neuroscience, ⁴Department of Radiology, and ⁵Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305

Correspondence should be addressed to Michael D. Greicius, Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room A343, Stanford, CA 94305-5235. Email: greicius{at}stanford.edu

Variations in neural circuitry, inherited or acquired, may underlie important individual differences in thought, feeling, and action patterns. Here, we used task-free connectivity analyses to isolate and characterize two distinct networks typically coactivated during functional MRI tasks. We identified a "salience network," anchored by dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) and orbital frontoinsular cortices with robust connectivity to subcortical and limbic structures, and an "executive-control network" that links dorsolateral frontal and parietal neocortices. These intrinsic connectivity networks showed dissociable correlations with functions measured outside the scanner. Prescan anxiety ratings correlated with intrinsic functional connectivity of the dACC node of the salience network, but with no region in the executive-control network, whereas executive task performance correlated with lateral parietal nodes of the executive-control network, but with no region in the salience network. Our findings suggest that task-free analysis of intrinsic connectivity networks may help elucidate the neural architectures that support fundamental aspects of human behavior.

Key words: fMRI; functional connectivity; anterior cingulate; insula; salience; anxiety

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Received Sept. 28, 2006; revised Jan. 19, 2007; accepted Jan. 22, 2007.

Correspondence should be addressed to Michael D. Greicius, Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room A343, Stanford, CA 94305-5235. Email: greicius{at}stanford.edu

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