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The Journal of Neuroscience, April 2, 2008, 28(14):3586-3594; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5309-07.2008

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Development/Plasticity/Repair
Neurodevelopmental Trajectories of the Human Cerebral Cortex

Philip Shaw,¹ Noor J. Kabani,³ Jason P. Lerch,⁴ Kristen Eckstrand,¹ Rhoshel Lenroot,¹ Nitin Gogtay,¹ Deanna Greenstein,¹ Liv Clasen,¹ Alan Evans,⁴ Judith L. Rapoport,¹ Jay N. Giedd,¹ and Steve P. Wise²

¹Child Psychiatry Branch and ²Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, ³Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3N1, and ⁴Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4

Correspondence should be addressed to Philip Shaw, Child Psychiatry Branch, Room 3N202, Building 10, Center Drive, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892. Email: shawp{at}mail.nih.gov

Understanding the organization of the cerebral cortex remains a central focus of neuroscience. Cortical maps have relied almost exclusively on the examination of postmortem tissue to construct structural, architectonic maps. These maps have invariably distinguished between areas with fewer discernable layers, which have a less complex overall pattern of lamination and lack an internal granular layer, and those with more complex laminar architecture. The former includes several agranular limbic areas, and the latter includes the homotypical and granular areas of association and sensory cortex. Here, we relate these traditional maps to developmental data from noninvasive neuroimaging. Changes in cortical thickness were determined in vivo from 764 neuroanatomic magnetic resonance images acquired longitudinally from 375 typically developing children and young adults. We find differing levels of complexity of cortical growth across the cerebrum, which align closely with established architectonic maps. Cortical regions with simple laminar architecture, including most limbic areas, predominantly show simpler growth trajectories. These areas have clearly identified homologues in all mammalian brains and thus likely evolved in early mammals. In contrast, polysensory and high-order association areas of cortex, the most complex areas in terms of their laminar architecture, also have the most complex developmental trajectories. Some of these areas are unique to, or dramatically expanded in primates, lending an evolutionary significance to the findings. Furthermore, by mapping a key characteristic of these development trajectories (the age of attaining peak cortical thickness) we document the dynamic, heterochronous maturation of the cerebral cortex through time lapse sequences ("movies").

Key words: brain development; cytoarchitecture; cognition; cerebral cortex; prefrontal cortex; primate

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Received Nov. 30, 2007; revised Feb. 7, 2008; accepted Feb. 26, 2008.

Correspondence should be addressed to Philip Shaw, Child Psychiatry Branch, Room 3N202, Building 10, Center Drive, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892. Email: shawp{at}mail.nih.gov

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