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The Journal of Neuroscience, June 17, 2009, 29(24):7679-7685; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0445-09.2009

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Natural Frequencies of Human Corticothalamic Circuits

Mario Rosanova,1 Adenauer Casali,1 Valentina Bellina,1 Federico Resta,2 Maurizio Mariotti,1 and Marcello Massimini1

1Department of Clinical Sciences, "Luigi Sacco," Università degli Studi di Milano, and 2Division of Radiology, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy

Correspondence should be addressed to Marcello Massimini, Department of Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco," Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy. Email: marcello.massimini{at}unimi.it

The frequency tuning of a system can be directly determined by perturbing it and by observing the rate of the ensuing oscillations, the so called natural frequency. This approach is used, for example, in physics, in geology, and also when one tunes a musical instrument. In the present study, we employ transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to directly perturb a set of selected corticothalamic modules (Brodmann areas 19, 7, and 6) and high-density electroencephalogram to measure their natural frequency. TMS consistently evoked dominant {alpha}-band oscillations (8–12 Hz) in the occipital cortex, β-band oscillations (13–20 Hz) in the parietal cortex, and fast β/{gamma}-band oscillations (21–50 Hz) in the frontal cortex. Each cortical area tended to preserve its own natural frequency also when indirectly engaged by TMS through brain connections and when stimulated at different intensities, indicating that the observed oscillations reflect local physiological mechanisms. These findings were reproducible across individuals and represent the first direct characterization of the coarse electrophysiological properties of three associative areas of the human cerebral cortex. Most importantly, they indicate that, in healthy subjects, each corticothalamic module is normally tuned to oscillate at a characteristic rate. The natural frequency can be directly measured in virtually any area of the cerebral cortex and may represent a straightforward and flexible way to probe the state of human thalamocortical circuits at the patient's bedside.

Received Jan. 27, 2009; revised April 10, 2009; accepted April 12, 2009.

Correspondence should be addressed to Marcello Massimini, Department of Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco," Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy. Email: marcello.massimini{at}unimi.it






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