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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 6, 364-379, Copyright © 1986 by Society for Neuroscience
Pioneer growth cone morphologies reveal proximal increases in substrate affinity within leg segments of grasshopper embryos
M Caudy and D Bentley
We have compared the morphologies of approximately 5000 antibody- labeled
afferent pioneer growth cones fixed at various stages of growth along their
characteristic path over the epithelium in the legs of grasshopper embryos,
and have used growth cone morphology as an indicator of differences in the
affinity of the epithelial substrate for pioneer growth cones in vivo.
Growth cone morphologies differ markedly between different locations in
limb buds, and also in the same location in limbs at different stages of
differentiation. Growth cones characteristically extend branches and
lamellae circumferentially along segment boundaries, and filopodia and
lamellae are retained (or extended) longer there. Where they contact a
relatively well- differentiated segment boundary, the growth cones also
abruptly reorient circumferentially. In the proximal regions of limb
segments, growth cones consistently have a high degree of branching and
lamellae; previously formed axons also extend secondary branches and spread
there as development progresses. Low incidence of these morphologies is
observed at all stages in the distal regions of limb segments. Thus,
neuronal morphologies correlate both spatially and temporally with the
differentiation of limb segmentation. These results suggest the following:
Detailed growth cone morphology is a reliable indicator of differences in
extrinsic guidance cues. The affinity of the epithelial substrate for
afferent pioneer growth cones increases proximally within segments, with a
peak at the segment boundary. (This affinity could be based on surface
density of adhesion molecules or on nonadhesive molecules that actively
regulate growth cone extension.) Increasing epithelial affinity within
segments appears to act as a proximal guidance cue for afferent pioneer
growth cones. Pioneer growth cones are observed to navigate proximally in
circumstances where proximally located guidepost cells differentiate too
late to guide them.
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