QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

HOME  |   SEARCH  |   ARCHIVE  |   SUBSCRIBE  |   CONTACT  |   HELP

This Article Full Text (PDF) Submit an eLetter Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Poggio, G. F. Articles by Krause, F. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Poggio, G. F. Articles by Krause, F.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 8, 4531-4550, Copyright © 1988 by Society for Neuroscience

ARTICLE

Stereoscopic mechanisms in monkey visual cortex: binocular correlation and disparity selectivity

GF Poggio, F Gonzalez and F Krause
Bard Laboratories of Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.

The neural signals in visual cortex associated with positional disparity and contrast texture correlation of binocular images are the subject of this study. We have analyzed the effects of stereoscopically presented luminous bars and of dynamic random-dot patterns on the activity of single neurons in cortical visual areas V1, V2, and V3-V3A of the alert, visually trained rhesus macaque. The interpretation of the results and considerations of possible neural mechanisms led us to recognize 2 functional sets of stereoscopic neurons. (1) A set of neurons, tuned excitatory (T0) or tuned inhibitory (TI), which respond sharply to images of zero or near-zero disparity. Objects at or about the horopter drive the T0 neurons and suppress the TI, while objects nearer and farther have the opposite effects on each type, inhibition of the T0 and excitation of the TI. The activity of these neurons may provide, in a reciprocal way, the definition of the plane of fixation, and the basic reference for binocular single vision and depth discrimination. (2) A second set of neurons includes tuned excitatory at larger crossed or uncrossed disparities (TN/TF) and neurons with reciprocal excitatory and inhibitory disparity sensitivity with cross- over at the horopter (NE/FA). Binocularly uncorrelated image contrast drives these neurons to a maintained level of activity, which shifts, in response to correlated images, toward facilitation or suppression as a function of positional disparity. These neurons may operate in the neural processing leading to stereopsis, both coarse and fine, and also provide signals for the system controlling binocular vergence. These results indicate that cortical visual neurons are binocularly linked to respond to the relative position and contrast of the images over their receptive fields, and also that both these aspects of binocular stimulation may be utilized by the brain as a source of stereoscopic information.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. Tanabe and B. G. Cumming Mechanisms Underlying the Transformation of Disparity Signals from V1 to V2 in the Macaque J. Neurosci., October 29, 2008; 28(44): 11304 - 11314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M. Kaskan, H. D. Lu, B. C. Dillenburger, J. H. Kaas, and A. W. Roe The Organization of Orientation-Selective, Luminance-Change and Binocular- Preference Domains in the Second (V2) and Third (V3) Visual Areas of New World Owl Monkeys as Revealed by Intrinsic Signal Optical Imaging Cereb Cortex, October 8, 2008; (2008) bhn178v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. A. Orban Higher Order Visual Processing in Macaque Extrastriate Cortex Physiol Rev, January 1, 2008; 88(1): 59 - 89. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-B. Durand, S. Celebrini, and Y. Trotter Neural Bases of Stereopsis across Visual Field of the Alert Macaque Monkey Cereb Cortex, June 1, 2007; 17(6): 1260 - 1273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Nakatsuka, B. Zhang, I. Watanabe, J. Zheng, H. Bi, L. Ganz, E. L. Smith, R. S. Harwerth, and Y. M. Chino Effects of Perceptual Learning on Local Stereopsis and Neuronal Responses of V1 and V2 in Prism-Reared Monkeys J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2007; 97(4): 2612 - 2626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Chandrasekaran, V. Canon, J. C. Dahmen, Z. Kourtzi, and A. E. Welchman Neural Correlates of Disparity-Defined Shape Discrimination in the Human Brain J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2007; 97(2): 1553 - 1565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Uka and G. C. DeAngelis Linking neural representation to function in stereoscopic depth perception: roles of the middle temporal area in coarse versus fine disparity discrimination. J. Neurosci., June 21, 2006; 26(25): 6791 - 6802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Uka, S. Tanabe, M. Watanabe, and I. Fujita Neural Correlates of Fine Depth Discrimination in Monkey Inferior Temporal Cortex J. Neurosci., November 16, 2005; 25(46): 10796 - 10802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. J. Brouwer, R. van Ee, and J. Schwarzbach Activation in Visual Cortex Correlates with the Awareness of Stereoscopic Depth J. Neurosci., November 9, 2005; 25(45): 10403 - 10413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Hinkle and C. E. Connor Quantitative Characterization of Disparity Tuning in Ventral Pathway Area V4 J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2005; 94(4): 2726 - 2737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Akao, M. J. Mustari, J. Fukushima, S. Kurkin, and K. Fukushima Discharge Characteristics of Pursuit Neurons in MST During Vergence Eye Movements J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2005; 93(5): 2415 - 2434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Neri A Stereoscopic Look at Visual Cortex J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2005; 93(4): 1823 - 1826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Perez, A. F. Castro, M. S. Justo, M. A. Bermudez, and F. Gonzalez Retinal Correspondence of Monocular Receptive Fields in Disparity-Sensitive Complex Cells from Area V1 in the Awake Monkey Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2005; 46(4): 1533 - 1539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Gonzalez, J. L. Relova, A. Prieto, and M. Peleteiro Evidence of Basal Temporo-occipital Cortex Involvement in Stereoscopic Vision in Humans: A Study with Subdural Electrode Recordings Cereb Cortex, January 1, 2005; 15(1): 117 - 122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Tanabe, K. Umeda, and I. Fujita Rejection of False Matches for Binocular Correspondence in Macaque Visual Cortical Area V4 J. Neurosci., September 15, 2004; 24(37): 8170 - 8180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Neri, H. Bridge, and D. J. Heeger Stereoscopic Processing of Absolute and Relative Disparity in Human Visual Cortex J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2004; 92(3): 1880 - 1891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Chen and N. Qian A Coarse-to-Fine Disparity Energy Model with Both Phase-Shift and Position-Shift Receptive Field Mechanisms Neural Comput., August 1, 2004; 16(8): 1545 - 1577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Tychsen, A. M. F. Wong, P. Foeller, and D. Bradley Early Versus Delayed Repair of Infantile Strabismus in Macaque Monkeys: II. Effects on Motion Visually Evoked Responses Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., March 1, 2004; 45(3): 821 - 827. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. C. A. Read and B. G. Cumming Ocular Dominance Predicts Neither Strength Nor Class of Disparity Selectivity With Random-Dot Stimuli in Primate V1 J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2004; 91(3): 1271 - 1281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Zhang, K. Matsuura, T. Mori, J. M. Wensveen, R. S. Harwerth, E. L. Smith III, and Y. Chino Binocular Deficits Associated With Early Alternating Monocular Defocus. II. Neurophysiological Observations J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2003; 90(5): 3012 - 3023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Kourtzi, M. Erb, W. Grodd, and H. H. Bulthoff Representation of the Perceived 3-D Object Shape in the Human Lateral Occipital Complex Cereb Cortex, September 1, 2003; 13(9): 911 - 920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Tychsen and C. Scott Maldevelopment of Convergence Eye Movements in Macaque Monkeys with Small- and Large-Angle Infantile Esotropia Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., August 1, 2003; 44(8): 3358 - 3368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Uka and G. C. DeAngelis Contribution of Middle Temporal Area to Coarse Depth Discrimination: Comparison of Neuronal and Psychophysical Sensitivity J. Neurosci., April 15, 2003; 23(8): 3515 - 3530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. C. DeAngelis and T. Uka Coding of Horizontal Disparity and Velocity by MT Neurons in the Alert Macaque J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2003; 89(2): 1094 - 1111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-B. Durand, S. Zhu, S. Celebrini, and Y. Trotter Neurons in Parafoveal Areas V1 and V2 Encode Vertical and Horizontal Disparities J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2002; 88(5): 2874 - 2879. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K.-I. Tsutsui, H. Sakata, T. Naganuma, and M. Taira Neural Correlates for Perception of 3D Surface Orientation from Texture Gradient Science, October 11, 2002; 298(5592): 409 - 412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Heider, L. Spillmann, and E. Peterhans Stereoscopic Illusory Contours--Cortical Neuron Responses and Human Perception J. Cogn. Neurosci., October 1, 2002; 14(7): 1018 - 1029. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.J.D. Prince, A. D. Pointon, B. G. Cumming, and A. J. Parker Quantitative Analysis of the Responses of V1 Neurons to Horizontal Disparity in Dynamic Random-Dot Stereograms J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2002; 87(1): 191 - 208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.J.D. Prince, B. G. Cumming, and A. J. Parker Range and Mechanism of Encoding of Horizontal Disparity in Macaque V1 J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2002; 87(1): 209 - 221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Janssen, R. Vogels, Y. Liu, and G. A. Orban Macaque Inferior Temporal Neurons Are Selective for Three-Dimensional Boundaries and Surfaces J. Neurosci., December 1, 2001; 21(23): 9419 - 9429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. L. Adams and S. Zeki Functional Organization of Macaque V3 for Stereoscopic Depth J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2001; 86(5): 2195 - 2203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. T. Backus, D. J. Fleet, A. J. Parker, and D. J. Heeger Human Cortical Activity Correlates With Stereoscopic Depth Perception J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2001; 86(4): 2054 - 2068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Chen, Y. Wang, and N. Qian Modeling V1 Disparity Tuning to Time-Varying Stimuli J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2001; 86(1): 143 - 155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. S. Patel, B.-C. Jiang, and H. Ogmen Vergence Dynamics Predict Fixation Disparity Neural Comput., July 1, 2001; 13(7): 1495 - 1525. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Takemura, Y. Inoue, K. Kawano, C. Quaia, and F. A. Miles Single-Unit Activity in Cortical Area MST Associated With Disparity-Vergence Eye Movements: Evidence for Population Coding J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2001; 85(5): 2245 - 2266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Busettini, E. J. Fitzgibbon, and F. A. Miles Short-Latency Disparity Vergence in Humans J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2001; 85(3): 1129 - 1152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Tanaka, T. Uka, K. Yoshiyama, M. Kato, and I. Fujita Processing of Shape Defined by Disparity in Monkey Inferior Temporal Cortex J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2001; 85(2): 735 - 744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. S. Bakin, K. Nakayama, and C. D. Gilbert Visual Responses in Monkey Areas V1 and V2 to Three-Dimensional Surface Configurations J. Neurosci., November 1, 2000; 20(21): 8188 - 8198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Uka, H. Tanaka, K. Yoshiyama, M. Kato, and I. Fujita Disparity Selectivity of Neurons in Monkey Inferior Temporal Cortex J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2000; 84(1): 120 - 132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Nieder and H. Wagner Horizontal-Disparity Tuning of Neurons in the Visual Forebrain of the Behaving Barn Owl J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2000; 83(5): 2967 - 2979. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Taira, K.-I. Tsutsui, M. Jiang, K. Yara, and H. Sakata Parietal Neurons Represent Surface Orientation From the Gradient of Binocular Disparity J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2000; 83(5): 3140 - 3146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. J. D. Prince, A. D. Pointon, B. G. Cumming, and A. J. Parker The Precision of Single Neuron Responses in Cortical Area V1 during Stereoscopic Depth Judgments J. Neurosci., May 1, 2000; 20(9): 3387 - 3400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Eifuku and R. H. Wurtz Response to Motion in Extrastriate Area MSTl: Disparity Sensitivity J Neurophysiol, November 1, 1999; 82(5): 2462 - 2475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Erwin and K. D. Miller The Subregion Correspondence Model of Binocular Simple Cells J. Neurosci., August 15, 1999; 19(16): 7212 - 7229. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Anzai, I. Ohzawa, and R. D. Freeman Neural Mechanisms for Processing Binocular Information I. Simple Cells J Neurophysiol, August 1, 1999; 82(2): 891 - 908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. C. DeAngelis and W. T. Newsome Organization of Disparity-Selective Neurons in Macaque Area MT J. Neurosci., February 15, 1999; 19(4): 1398 - 1415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. D. Lumer, K. J. Friston, and G. Rees Neural Correlates of Perceptual Rivalry in the Human Brain Science, June 19, 1998; 280(5371): 1930 - 1934. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				T. J. Andrews and D. Purves Similarities in normal and binocularly rivalrous viewing PNAS, September 2, 1997; 94(18): 9905 - 9908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. L. Smith III, Y. M. Chino, J. Ni, W. H. Ridder III, and M.L.J. Crawford Binocular Spatial Phase Tuning Characteristics of Neurons in the Macaque Striate Cortex J Neurophysiol, July 1, 1997; 78(1): 351 - 365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Ohzawa, G. C. Deangelis, and R. D. Freeman Encoding of Binocular Disparity by Complex Cells in the Cat's Visual Cortex J Neurophysiol, June 1, 1997; 77(6): 2879 - 2909. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. M. Chino, E. L. Smith III, S. Hatta, and H. Cheng Postnatal Development of Binocular Disparity Sensitivity in Neurons of the Primate Visual Cortex J. Neurosci., January 1, 1997; 17(1): 296 - 307. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y Trotter, S Celebrini, B Stricanne, S Thorpe, and M Imbert Modulation of neural stereoscopic processing in primate area V1 by the viewing distance Science, August 28, 1992; 257(5074): 1279 - 1281. [Abstract] [PDF]

				P. Sajda and L. H. Finkel Simulating biological vision with hybrid neural networks SIMULATION, July 1, 1992; 59(1): 47 - 55. [Abstract] [PDF]

				I Ohzawa, G. DeAngelis, and R. Freeman Stereoscopic depth discrimination in the visual cortex: neurons ideally suited as disparity detectors Science, August 31, 1990; 249(4972): 1037 - 1041. [Abstract] [PDF]

				G.F. Poggio Cortical Neural Mechanisms of Stereopsis Studied with Dynamic Random-dot Stereograms Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, January 1, 1990; 55(0): 749 - 758. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S.R. Lehky, A. Pouget, and T.J. Sejnowski Neural Models of Binocular Depth Perception Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, January 1, 1990; 55(0): 765 - 777. [Abstract] [PDF]

Home  |   Search  |   Archive  |   Subscribe  |   Contact  |   Help