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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 9, 134-148, Copyright © 1989 by Society for Neuroscience
The role of preparation in tuning anticipatory and reflex responses during catching
F Lacquaniti and C Maioli
Istituto di Fisiologia dei Centri Nervosi, CNR, Milan, Italy.
The pattern of muscle responses associated with catching a ball in the
presence of vision was investigated by independently varying the height of
the drop and the mass of the ball. It was found that the anticipatory EMG
responses comprised early and late components. The early components were
produced at a roughly constant latency (about 130 msec) from the time of
ball release. Their mean amplitude decreased with increasing height of
fall. Late components represented the major build-up of muscle activity
preceding the ball's impact and were accompanied by limb flexion. Their
onset time was roughly constant (about 100 msec) with respect to the time
of impact (except in wrist extensors). This indicates that the timing of
these responses was based on an accurate estimate of the instantaneous
values of the time-to- contact (time remaining before impact). The mean
amplitude of the late anticipatory responses increased linearly with the
expected momentum of the ball at impact. The reflex responses evoked by the
ball's impact consisted in a short-latency coactivation of flexor and
extensor muscles at the elbow and wrist joints. Their mean amplitude
generally increased with the intensity of the perturbation both in the
stretched muscles and in the shortening muscles. We argue that both the
anticipatory and the reflex coactivation are centrally preset in
preparation for catching and are instrumental for stabilizing limb posture
after impact. A model with linear, time-varying viscoelastic coefficients
was used to assess the neural and mechanical contributions to the damping
of limb oscillations induced by the ball's impact. The model demonstrates
that (1) anticipatory muscle stiffening and anticipatory flexion of the
limb are synergistic in building up resistance of the hand to vertical
displacement and (2) the reflex coactivation produces a further increment
of hand stiffness and viscosity which tends to offset the decrement which
would result from the limb extension produced by the impact.
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