Figure 1.
Schematic illustration of the synteny between human chromosome 21 (HSA21) and mouse chromosome 16 (MMU16). MMU16 is orthologous to segments of 10 different human chromosomes, some of which are depicted in Fig. 1. Specifically, 51, 19, 17, and 10% of all mouse chromosome 16 genes are orthologous to human chromosomes 3, 21, 16, and 22, respectively (based on http://www.informatics.jax.org/, August 24, 2007). The remaining 3% of mouse chromosome 16 genes are orthologous to human chromosomes 2, 8, 10, 12, 13, and 17. The Ts16 model contains an extra copy of the entire MMU16, whereas Ts65Dn contains a partial triplication of the distal region of MMU16 syntenic to the long arm of HSA21. Several other mouse models, such as the Ts1Cje and Ms1Cje models (Sago et al., 1998, 2000) contain smaller triplicated segments of MMU16. Future studies in these segmental trisomic models will be useful to narrow the search for the particular genes responsible for the various phenotypic abnormalities observed in DS, Ts16, and Ts65Dn (Olson et al., 2004). App, Amyloid precursor protein; GRIK1, kainate selective glutamate receptor 5; SOD1, superoxide dismutase; OLIG1 and OLIG2, oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factors 1 and 2; SIM2, single minded 2; DYRK1A, dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 1A; ETS2, E-26 avian leukemia oncogene 2,3′ domain; Mx1, myxovirus resistance 1; Tmprss2, transmembrane protease serine 2; Zfp295, zinc finger protein 295.