Figure 1. OA and octopaminergic neurons are involved in courtship conditioning. A, LI of indicated genotypes after courtship conditioning; wt denotes wild-type while m denotes TβH mutant background. N = 18, 18, 18, 29, and 36 for each genotype, respectively; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, Mann–Whitney test. B, Silencing of octopaminergic neurons significantly reduced courtship conditioning. N = 37, 34, 33, 19, 21, and 21 respectively; *p < 0.05, NS p > 0.05, Mann–Whitney test. C, Activation of octopaminergic neurons suppresses male–female courtship. N = 24, 22, 24, 18, 24, and 24, respectively; ***p < 0.05, NS p > 0.05, Mann–Whitney test. D, Activation of octopaminergic neurons when male flies were paired with virgin females produced a memory trace of courtship repression. N = 38, 29, and 26 for each genotype; *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, Mann–Whitney test.