Figure 2. Mice with reduced TGF-β signaling in neurons display learning, memory, and motor deficits. A–C, CaMKII-tTA+/TBRIIΔk+ and CaMKII-tTA+/TBRIIΔk− (as control) mice were tested for spatial learning and memory function using MWM. A, The average escape latency of each session in the visible platform (1–6 sessions) and hidden platform (7–16 sessions) parts of the MWM test. The mice underwent a probe test 24 h later. B, C, Travel routes (B) and the time spent in the target and opposite quadrants (C) were analyzed using the EthoVision Automated Tracking System. D–F, Footprint analysis was performed at 18 months of age. Representative paw prints of CaMKII-tTA+/TBRIIΔk+ mice and CaMKII-tTA+/TBRIIΔk− mice (as a control) are shown in D. E, F, Quantification of hindlimb (blue prints, E) and forelimb (red prints, F) stride length. C, E, F, Bars represent the mean ± SEM and were analyzed by ANOVA (C) or unpaired t test (E, F). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. n = 10–12 mice/group.