Regular ArticleStarlings’ preferences for predictable and unpredictable delays to food☆
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Some theoretical notes on spatial discounting
2021, Behavioural ProcessesCitation Excerpt :Research in psychophysics has documented a variety of deficits and factors which affect individuals’ ability to correctly estimate perceived or remembered distances (Bradley and Vido, 1984; Da Silva, 1985; Higashiyama and Shimono, 1994; Montello, 1997) as well as interobject distances (Levin and Haber, 1993; Matsushima et al., 2005). Variability in distance (and thus delay) is a real-world consideration and this extension has previously been explored in the classical delay-discounting literature (Mazur, 1984; McNamara and Houston, 1987; Reboreda and Kacelnik, 1991; Kacelnik and Bateson, 1997). More generally, we have assumed that all the other factors affecting value are known (including rewards sizes, energetic usage, efficiency of travel speeds, and the rate parameters of reward disappearance and threat encounters).
Age, but Not Sex, Modulates Foxp3 Expression in the Rat Brain across Development
2020, NeuroscienceCitation Excerpt :Subsequently, weanling pups become nutritionally and behaviorally independent from their mother and show marked behavioral transformations (Cramer et al., 1990; Thiels et al., 1990). Therefore, it is not shocking the developmental impact of weaning has such a large influence on the maturation of the brain and behavior (Smith, 1991; Bateson and Kacelnik, 1997; Nakamura et al., 2003; Bock et al., 2008). Thus, we speculate that maintaining a relatively brain region independent expression of Foxp3 may allow the neuroimmune system to remain plastic and responsive for the refinement of the nervous system.
Context-dependent choice as explained by foraging theory
2018, Journal of Economic TheoryHow unpredictable access to food increases the body fat of small passerines: A mechanistic approach
2017, Behavioural ProcessesCitation Excerpt :For this reason, animals typically prefer an unpredictable (variable) delay, which may allow a quicker delivery of food, to a predictable (fixed) delay equivalent to its mean (Kacelnik and Bateson, 1996). Bateson and Kacelnik (1997) manipulated reward distribution and showed that the propensity of food-deprived starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) to choose a variable-delay option as opposed to a fixed-delay option is higher when variability is unpredictable (3-3-18-3-18-18-… s) than when variability is predictable (3-18-3-18-3-… s). This result confirms the “sooner is better” hypothesis.
Enhanced exploratory activity in woodlice exposed to random visuo-tactile patterns
2015, Learning and MotivationDoes reward unpredictability reflect risk?
2015, Behavioural Brain ResearchCitation Excerpt :If a gambler has enough money to buy all the lottery tickets, he will be able to win the top prize with certainty, even though the outcome is subject to pure hazard. Similarly, the long-term energy requirements allowing animals with a large body size, for example, hippopotami and elephants, to stay alive during a prolonged absence of food may reduce foraging risk [10,75], and the ability of salamanders to regenerate a leg and of lizards to re-grow a lost tail following injury may reduce predation risk, at least in the short-term [70]. In contrast, with limited resources, the number of trials necessary to suppress the effects of unpredictability is impossible to achieve and necessarily imperils persistence of those resources.
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L. C. Drickamer
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Correspondence: M. Bateson, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, U.K. (email: [email protected]).